Quiz 2 Patho

Arteries

push oxygen rich blood away form the heart

Veins

vacuum deoxygenate blood back to the heart

Path of blood flow to the lungs

Deoxygenated blood starts in the BODY

1.Superior and

2.Inferior vena Cava

3.Right Atrium

4.Tricupsid Valve

5.Right Ventricle

6.Pulmonary Valve

7.Pulmonary Arteries

Ends in the LUNGS

Path of blood flow to the body

Oxygenated blood comes from the LUNGS

8.Pulmonary veins

9.Left Atrium

10.Mitral Valve

11.Left Ventricle

12.Aortic Valve

13.Aorta

End in the BODY

Troponin

proteins found in skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers that regulate muscle contractions (Apart of ROMI panel)

Troponin level over what indicates a MI

Troponin over 0.5 indicates MI

How long after an MI is Troponin released?

takes 3-4 hours after an MI for Troponin levels to rise in the blood.

How long is Troponin detectable?

Troponin is detectable up to 10 days after an MI

Myoglobin

protein released into the bloodstream following muscle injury, including myocardial infarction (MI). (apart of ROMI panel)

How long does Myoglobin take to be detected?

Myoglobin can be seen within 30 mins after injury

Creatine Kinase (CK, CPK)

Most helpful to show reinjury of the heart (apart of ROMI panel)

When does CK start to increase?

CK increases 3-4 hours after MI

How long does CK stay elevated?

CK stays elevated 3-4 days after MI

BNP

brain or b type natriuretic peptide, a hormone produced by the heart that helps to regulate blood pressure and fluid balance. (vital lab for CHF patients)

Stable Angina

chest pain induced by any physical activity

pain naturally STOPS W/ REST

Unstable Angina

chest pain that happens at rest, VERY SEVERE

warning sign of an MI

Septic Shock

Shock caused by widespread bloodborne infection.

(think Sepsis infection cause Septic Shock)

Neurogenic Shock

Shock caused by spinal cord injury T-6 or higher

Hypovolemic Shock (Hemorrhagic)

Shock caused by blood loss from trauma, gunshot wound, surgery, burns

Cardiogenic Shock

heart fails to pump like in HF or MI

Anaphylactic Shock

a severe allergic reaction

EKG Complex

includes the P wave, QRS wave and T wave

P wave

Atria Contraction: if abnormal signs are found on the P wave, that indicates something is wrong in the Atria

QRS complex

Ventricular contraction: if abnormal signs are found on the QRS complex, it may indicate issues with the ventricles.

T wave

Ventricular Relaxation: if abnormal signs are found on the T wave, it may suggest issues with the heart's repolarization process.

QRS complex indicates what?

Every time you see a QRS, there is one heartbeat

PR interval

represents the time between the atria to the ventricles

ST segment

area on the EKG we look to see if a pt is having an MI, should always be flat after QRS

The heart conducts what?

electricity

SA node

fires impulse which causes Atria to contract and you will see the electrical conduction P wave.

Hospital Acquired Pneumonia

An infection in the lungs that starts 48 hours or more after being admitted to the hospital, and wasn’t there when the person first arrived.

Hospital Acquired Pneumonia Risk Factors

Airway instrumentation, compromised immune function, chronic lung disease

Hospital Acquired Pneumonia Mortality Rate

30-50%

Hemothorax

a type of pleural effusion where blood accumulates

Hemothorax Sx

altered oxygenation, ventilation difficulties, decreased breath sounds, respiration effort

Small Hemothorax

Blood is absorbed

Large Hemothorax

requires immediate drainage and surgery

Hemothorax sign of blood loss

increased HR accompany hemothorax

Hemothorax Treatment

chest tube drainage

Pneumothorax

the presence of air in t he pleural space, leading to partial or complete collapse of lung

Spontaneous Pneumothorax

occurs w/o injury, often due to rupture of air filled blisters in lungs allowing air to enter the pleural space, leading to collapse

Traumatic Pneumothorax

results form direct injury to the chest or major airways

Tension Pneumothorax

LIFE THREATENING condition where increased air pressure in the pleural space affects both respiratory and cardiac functions

Traumatic Pneumothorax causes

penetrating or nonpenetrating injuries like fractured ribs or trauma to major airways

medical procedures like aspirations or central line insertions

Tension Pneumothorax Cause

occurs when air enters the pleural space but cannot exit, which increases the pressure in chest.

Tension Pneumothorax Clinical Manifestation

Mediastinal shift and tracheal deviation to the opposite side of the chest.

Decreased stroke volume, leading to a decrease in cardiac output despite tachycardia.

Jugular vein distention, subcutaneous emphysema, shock, and hypoxemia.

If untreated, tension pneumothorax can lead to respiratory and cardiac arrest.

CKD

chronic kidney disease, progressive long term loss of kidney function characterized by a decline in GFR

CKD diagnosis

Decreased GFR less than 60 for 3+ months

CKD treatment

managing it carefully to slow down kidney damage, and if needed, using dialysis or a kidney transplant to take over the job of the kidneys.

Dialysis

renal replacement therapy that performs the function of the kidneys by removing waste products and excess fluid from the blood.

what dictates the choice between dialysis vs transplant

is dictated by age, related health problems, donor availability, and personal preference.

Hemodialysis

Uses a dialyzer to filter waste from the blood, a machine that circulates blood outside the body.

Function:

waste removal

substance replacement

Peritoneal Dialysis

a hypertonic dialysate fluid is put into the abdomen through a tube.

the lining of the belly acts like a filter, pulling waste and extra fluid from the blood into the fluid, which is later drained out.

Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI)

a uti that happens w/ a catheter, most common hospital acquired infection

CAUTI sx

fever

pain/tenderness in lower abdomen

cloudy/ foul smelling urine

changes in mental status (esp in older adults)

CAUTI treatment

antibiotics, removal or replacement of the catheter, and ensuring proper catheter care to prevent recurrence.

CAUTI risk factors

prolonged catheter use, older age, poor hygiene, changes in mental status

RUQ

right lobe of liver

gallbladder

part of pancreas

part of S+L intestine

RLQ

appendix

right ovary

right fallopian tube

right ureter

part of S+L intestine

LUQ

stomach

spleen

part of pancreas

left lobe of liver

left kidney

part of S+L intestine

LLQ

left ovary
left fallopian tube
left ureter part of S+L intestine

Type 1 Diabetes

Onset age: childhood

Onset: abrupt, symptomatic

Body weight: normal, weight loss

Insulin levels: low (deficiency)

Family History: less common

Ketoacidosis risk: high

Management: insulin required

Type 2 Diabetes

Onset age: adulthood

Onset: gradual, asymptomatic

Body weight: overweight

Insulin levels: high, normal or low

Family history: very common

Ketoacidosis risk: low

Management: lifestyle +oral meds/insulin