Changing places CGP

What 5 factors make up a ‘place’

• Location

• Physical characteristics of the landscape

• Human characteristics

• Flows in and out

• Sense of place

What is ‘place’ expanded

The web of characteristics, flows and perceptions that are all attached to a specific location

Place =

Location + meaning

What makes up the human characteristics of a place

Who lives there and what they are like as well as human features of the landscape like land use and built environment

What is sense of place

The subjective and emotional meaning a place has either to individuals or groups of people

How can the physical characteristics of a place change

Over the long term like river migration or over the short time like a volcanic eruption

Places are not static, they are…

Dynamic and subject to constant change

How can the human characteristics of a place change

over whole lifetimes like when people are born and die and shorter timescales through in and out migration

How could the flows in and out of a place change

Flows of money could change if a TNC decides to open or close a branch in a particular area

Example of a how sense of place can change

Places that meant a lot as a child like the playpark won’t have the same meaning to an adult

How is place important to identity

People build their identities around places that they feel connected to

Three scales of shared identity

Local- members of a village sharing positive sense of that village

Regional- individuals from a region sharing an accent

National- people from a nation sharing a language, religion or love for that nation

What is an insider

A person who is familiar to a place and feels a sense of belonging

What is an outsider

A person who feels unwelcome or excluded from a place and has a lack of belonging

How does intensity of experience affect place attachment?

Stronger, deeper experiences = stronger attachment

Who proposed that our attachment, experience and understanding of places increase as we age

Yi-Fu Tuan

What factors affect insider vs outsider feeling

• Age

• Gender

• Sexuality

• Religion

People can have a sense of place from both experienced and __ places

media

What is an experienced place

Places people have spent time in

What is media place

Places people haven’t been to but have created a sense of place for through their depiction in the media

Why might a person’s sense of a media place be different to somone’’s lived experience of that place

Because the media might present a place in a particular way and for a particular purpose

What is a near place

A place geographically near to where a person lives

What is a far place

A place geographically distant from where a person lives

What recent development has affected people’s experience of geographical distance

Globalisation, it has made it increasingly likely that people feel can feel connected to and even insiders in places that are geographically far away

What is globalisation

The process of the world’s economies, political systems and cultures becoming more closely integrated

How have improvements in transport affected sense of place

Far places are now much easier and quicker to get to so can be experienced more frequently

How have improvements in ICT affected sense of place

means people can now be very familiar with media places and remain closely connected to people in far places via the internet

What is placelessness

A place that is similar to other places and has no special character

What factor has exacerbated the affect of placelessness

Globalisation as it has led to the development of things like clone towns

What two main characters are places shaped by

endogenous and exogenous factors

what are exogenous factors

External factors which shape a place’s character such as its relationship with other places and the flows in and out

What are endogenous factors

Internal factors which shape a place’s character

Examples of physical endogenous factors

• location

• Typography

• Physical geography

Examples of human endogenous factors

• land use

• built environment

• infrastructure

• demographic and economic characteristics

What is location

where a place is

How can places be characterised by the features that are present because of their location

A costal place may be characterised as a port due to its direct proximity to the sea

What is topography

The shape of the landscape

Example of the character of a place being directly affected by topography

In a mountainous region places would be characterised by steep slopes

How can typography be linked to other factors that give places their character

They can link to things like land use, for example a flat area may be suitable for large scale arable farming

What is physical geography

The environmental features of a place

Example of physical geography directly linking to the character of a place

A place could have igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic rocks which affects what kind of landscapes form

How can a place’s physical geography be linked to other factors that give places their character

A place that is rich in natural resources may be characterised by the industries that exist there like mining

Examples of human endogenous factors

• Land use

• Built environment and infrastructure

• Demographic and economic characteristics

What is land use

The human activities that occur on the land like farming, industry or residential use

What is deindustrialisation

The process of manufacturing industries declining in wealthier countries

How does land use help define the character of a place?

It directly shapes how a place is perceived — for example, farming land use gives a rural character, while commercial land use gives an urban character.

How can land use change over time?

Processes like deindustrialisation can lead to industrial land being replaced by housing, leisure, or recreational use.

How does land use link to other factors that give places their character?

Land use influences factors like the built environment, population density, and spatial layout — all of which contribute to how a place is experienced and understood.

How does land use affect the built environment

Different land uses need different building types — e.g. businesses in city centres often require high-rise, high-density buildings, while residential and leisure areas usually need lower-density developmen

What is built environment

aspects of places that are built by humans

What is infrastructure

The structures built for transport, communications and services

Examples of how places be directly characterised by their built environment and infrastructure

• Town and city centres will have higher density buildings like tower blocks and dense networks of road, rail and communications links

• Villages may have fewer, smaller buildings like village halls at a lower density and less complex infrastructure like fibre to the cabinet internet

What are demographic characteristics

Who lives in a place and what they are like

What are examples of demographic factors

• Age

• Gender

• Level of education

• religion

• ethnicity

• birth rates

Example of demographic factors directly linking to the character of a place

Many people retire to seaside locations so they often have higher proportions of elderly people which may then lead to them being characterised as old places where younger people feel like outsiders

What are economic characteristics

factors to do with work and money like income, employment rates and types of jobs

Example of economic characteristics directly contributing to character of place

Places like Kensington in London have a high proportion of above average earners and low unemployment so it is characterised as wealthy

What is gentrification and what effect does it have

Gentrification is when wealthy people move into run down areas and it is improved, increasing commercial activity, and raising property values and it leads to changes to built environment, demographics and the economics of a place over time

Exogenous factors are about how places are….

related to other places and how these relationships affect their character

Example of the character of a place being affected by relative location to another place

Villages and towns outside major cities can be characterised as commuter settlements

Example of tourism affecting the character of a place

The land use and economic characteristics of Las Vegas- casinos and hotels are there for the tourists but provide employment for the locals

Example of flows of investment affecting character of a place

Japanese car firm Nissan has a factory in Sunderland and the flow of investment from them has influenced the characteristics there through type of employment available, land use for factory and

Example of migration influencing the character of a place

27% of the population of Birmingham are of Asian descent which gives it a unique demographic makeup

historically what factors affected character of place more

endogenous ones like mining villagers developing in places with natural resources or cities developing on major rivers

in modern times what factors affect character of place more

exogenous factors because of increasing flows of money, resources, people and ideas

what have increasing flows of money, resources, people and ideas caused

globalisation

what two things have changed due to shifting flows

economic characteristics and social characterists

example of flows of people changing the economic characteristics of a place

Cornwall’s economy used to be based on the fishing industry but now it is largely the tourism industry, flows from tourism have affected the type of jobs available to service based jobs

flows of resources and economic characteristics

the outward flow of local products or natural resources can have a large impact on the local economy as products that used to be consumed locally can be sold on the global market

example of an outward flow of resources changing economic characteristics

the scottish whisky industry has grown to be one of the largest industries in scotland due to international exports and changed employment opportunities in many remote islands where distilleries are based

flows of money and investment can have what impacts on the economic characteristics of places

positive and negative, a TNC opening in a local place can be very positive but global competition can lead to deindustrialisation which is negative

example of positives and negative impacts of money and investment on economic characteristics

thousands of jobs lost in south wales when many coal mines closed from 1950s to 80s but inward investment to London in 1980s and 90s created many high value service sector jobs there

what are the economic characteristics of a place

things to do with work and money like employment rates, types of jobs and income

what are the social characteristics of a place

factors to do with what people’s lives are like like quality of life, access to food, education and healthcare

social inequalities

differences in quality of life between different groups

how do flows of people affect social characteristics of a place

rural to urban migration in poorer countries has caused huge social inequality in cities with slums developing in cities like Mumbai and showing huge divide between wealthy and poor city residents

how do flows of resources affect the social characteristics of a place

the outward flow of natural resources from poorer countries can change levels of social inequality

example of outward flow of natural resources affecting social characteristics of a place

large amounts of oil are extracted around Warri in Nigeria and exported around the world but most of the wealth from it goes to a few individuals who have a high quality of life but most in poverty

flows of money and resources and social characteristics

gentrification has improved the social characteristics of some places but increases inequality

gentrification

The process by which a poor and working-class neighbourhood in the inner city is refurbished by an influx of private capital and middle-class homebuyers and renters

example of gentrification

Notting Hill was once one of the most deprived areas in London but now average house prices exceed £2 million

government policies impacting demographic characteristics of places

population control policies like China’s one child policy

One child policy

a policy in China from 1979-2015 which was introduced as a method of reducing rapid population growth

French government policy on demographic change

introduced pro natalist policy called code de la famillie in 1939 which

Germany immigration policy 1960s

invited turkish people to come and live and work so turkish culture has become a part of germany and every highstreet has a kebab place and

what percentage of germany is muslim

6.6%

how can governments change demographic, cultural and social charactertics of a place

funding regeneration schemes like the albert docks

Why did the Royal Albert Dock decline in the 20th century?

Due to changes in shipping technology and the decline of Liverpool's port industry.

When did the regeneration of the Albert Dock begin?

In 1981, led by the Merseyside Development Corporation

What was the main goal of the Albert Dock's regeneration?

To repair and improve Liverpool's image, putting it back on the map.

What significant event marked the reopening of the regenerated Albert Dock?

The official reopening in 1984

What major museum opened in the Albert Dock in 1986?

The maratime museum

How did the regeneration of the Albert Dock contribute to Liverpool's economy?

It transformed a post-industrial wasteland into a world-renowned heritage and tourist attraction, catalyzing economic recovery

What is the purpose of the Waterfront Transformation Project?

To transform the area between the Royal Albert Dock and Mann Island, revitalizing all waterfront facilities.

What recent redevelopment has been approved as part of the waterfront transformation?

The redevelopment of the International Slavery Museum and Maritime Museum

TNCs and characteristics of a place

attract migrants, create jobs but also relocating factories to cheaper countries causes de industrialisation and decline

World food programme

provides emergency food aid in countries like yemen since 2015 to prevent deaths from famine and malnutrition

world bank

invests in and helps set up thousands of projects aimed at reducing poverty like providing wastewater disposal services to rural villages

connections in the past shaping the present

london and new york have been linked for centuries by sea trade routes and more recently banking and has made them world cities

representation of place

how individuals or organisations portray places they know about to others