L13 Nervous System Structure Through Development (Imported from Quizlet)

Forebrain

What part of the brain is labelled in blue in this image?

Midbrain

What part of the brain is labelled in pink in this image?

Hindbrain

What part of the brain is labelled in green in this image?

~17 days

At around how many days old does the neural plate form?

Lining of viscera

What does the endoderm form?

Bones and muscles

What does the mesoderm form?

Skin and nervous system

What does the ectoderm form?

The neural plate

The nervous system develops from what?

~22 days old

At around how many days old does neurulation occur?

5

Goes from being flat plate to being a tube in ~_ days

Neural groove, folds, tube, crest

The neural plate forms ________ ______ and _______ which then goes on to form neural ____ and neural ____

Neurons of the CNS

Ventricular system

What does the neural tube become?

Cells of the PNS

What does the neural crest become?

Ventricular cavity

The tube formed in neurulation becomes the ___________ _______

Sensory neurons whose cell bodies lie in the dorsal root ganglion

Autonomic neruons (e.g. post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons, enteric neurons)

What neurons could form from the neural crest?

Chromatin cells, Schwann cells

What non-neurones derive from the neural crest?

Failure to appropriately close the neural tube

Specific sequences of gene expression - influenced by environment

Folic acid = 90% reduction in the chance of neural tube defects = influences DNA synthesis

Why are women advised to take folic acid when trying to conceive and during pregnancy?

Anencephaly (fatal)

A defect closing at the top, rostrally, where the brain develops is known as ...?

Spina bifida

A defect at the caudal part of the neural tube where spinal cord develops is known as ...?

Differentiation

What happens after neurulation?

Where tissue changes into separate ones

What happens in differentiation?

3 primary brain vesicles

Secondary brain vesicles of the forebrain

Optic stalk develops to the optic nerve, which is composed of axons of retinal ganglion neurons

Optic cup becomes the retina

What do the optic stalk and optic cup develop into?

Houses neurons that receive information from the nose, process smell

What are olfactory bulbs?

Forebrain differentiation: Main division

Forebrain differentiation: Ventricles

Forebrain differentiation: Grey matter

Forebrain differentiation: White matter

Gateway to and from the cerebral cortex

What is the internal capsule?

Midbrain differentiation

Processes vision

What does the superior colliculus do?

Processes audio

What does the inferior colliculus do?

Sensory processing and voluntary movement

What does the midbrain have roles in?

Substantia nigra and red nucleus

What parts are involved in movement in the midbrain?

Controls pain

What does periaqueductal grey do?

Pons, medulla and cerebellum

What make up the hindbrain?

Rhombic lips, cerebellum, neurons

__________ ______ grow to form _________ - smaller volume than central hemispheres but the same number of _________

Pons

What is ventral to cerebellum?

Medulla

What is caudal to hindbrain?

Co-ordinates movement, balance and posture

What does the cerebellum do?

10, 50

In the cerebellum, there's __% CNS volume: __% CNS neurones

Vestibulocerebellum

What is the oldest part of the cerebellum that controls balance?

Spinocerebellum

What part of the cerebellum has muscle stretch receptors?

Cerebrocerebellum

What part of the cerebellum receives projections from sensorimotor cortex and controls motor coordination?

Hemispheres, vermis

The cerebellum is made up of two ____________ with a structure in the middle called _______

Folium

What is a single fold called?

Folia

What are multiple folds called?

Pons, deep cerebellar nuclei

Information fed into the _____ and then fed out through the _____ ___________ ________

Nuclei of the pons

What are pontine nuclei?

White

________ matter tracts from pontine nuclei

Grey

_______ matter area called the deep cerebellar nuclei

1:40

What is the ratio of neuronal outputs to inputs?

Due to purkinje cells with huge dendritic trees

Why is there a lot of integration in the cerebellum?