Modern World History Study guide Term (2) (copy)

How M.A.I.N caused WWI?

Militarism - love and glorification to fight wars

Armistice - agreement to stop the war

Imperialism - countries dominance over another country

Nationalism - pride and devotion to your country

Causes of the Russian Revolution

Long term social unrest in Russia erupted into Revolution, ushering in the first Communist

The oppressive rule of most 19th century czars caused widespread social unrest for decades

Mensheviks

a group that wanted a broad base of popular support for the revolution

willing to cooperate with the Duma

Bolsheviks

a group who supported a small number of committed revolutionaries will to sacrifice everything for radical change

Marx’s influence on Russian Society

Marx comes back into play and it influences the Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin and a series of events, Bloody Sunday, and the Marx revolution that led to Czar Nicholas' abdication from the throne, which allowed Marx to take the lead. Started the soviet union.

Lenin’s takeover

Within days after the takeover, Lenin orders that all farmland be distributed among the peasants

gives control of factories to the workers

he was a Bolshevik

Bolsheviks-ideology

The Bolsheviks faced a new challenge

Stamping out their enemies at home

Their opponents formed the white army

March Revolution of 1917 and impact

Women textile workers in Petrograd lead a citywide strike

Riots flare up after food shortages of bread and fuel

Soldiers obey orders to shoot the rioters, but later they would side with them

The soldiers fire at the commanding officers and join the rebellion

Impact of the March Revolution

Czar Nicholas II abdicates the thrown

Bloody Sunday, 1905 and impact

brutal suppression of a peaceful workers’ demonstration in St. Petersburg, Russia, where soldiers fired on the crown, resulting in numerous deaths and injuries.

want freedoms within the political system

Pogroms of Czar Alexander III

Organized violence against Jews broke out in many parts of Russia called pogroms

Police and soldiers stood by and watched Russian citizens loot and destroy Jewsih homes, stores, and synagogues

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

angers many Russians because they had to surrender a large chunk of land to Germany and their allies (Ended their involvement in WWI)

Impact of the Russian Revolution on Russia and WWI

Serbia assainted the France Ferdinand Archduke Serbians Nationalists

pan-slavik nation in the Bulkans

based on the hardships from the war, it led to Russia’s withdrawal from the war, and the establishment of the Soviet Union, altering the course of both Russia and the war itself

Zimmerman Note

Germany sends a telegram to Mexico stating they would help them ‘reconquer’ the land they had lost to the US

Mexico declines and passes the note on to the US

Sinking of the Lusitania

The Germans sunk americans on a ship that was sunk (killing 128 people) led to the involvement of the US in WWI

How both events led to the US involvement in WWI

shifted American public opinion and ultimately contributed to the U.S. decision to enter World War I. further inflamed public anger and solidified support for war

Purpose of League of Nations and Wilson’s 14 points

The League of Nations was an organization established after World War I to promote international cooperation and prevent future wars

14 points - to make peace and end war

Freedom of the seas, freedom of trade

League of Nationsand wilsons 14 points success and failures

While they influenced the post-war landscape and led to the establishment of the League of Nations, their application in the Treaty of Versailles was limited, and the League ultimately struggled to prevent future conflicts.  Imposed harsh conditions on Germany

Treaty of Versailles

signed in 1919 officially ends the war causing 4 negative consequences on Germany

1. Germany is officially blamed for starting the war

2. Pay reparations and damages

3. Demilitarize

4. Germany had to give back land specifically the (Rhineland)

Political failures of the Weimar Republic

idea that the President can make laws without government approvement

they can appoint Chancellors based on favortism

German perspective of the government

Believed that the Weimar Republic “stabbed” the rest of the Germans in the back with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles

Weimar Republics economic response to Germany’s financial crisis

Because of the Great Depression

They started to raise taxes for the unemployed

Cut unemployment benefits

Reducing unemployment benefits to make payments more affordable

Policy aims and motives of Adolf Hitler

Hitler joins the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi Party) and created the Sturmabteilung (SA) or Stormtroopers

The party focused on German nationalism

Wanted to reunite all Germans

Believed in living space, the Germans need more space to move throughout countries

Foreign and Domestic

Domestic: Unite all Germans

Could be living anywhere and he wanted to reunite all Germans

Gross deutschland - unite all Germans within Austria, Czech, and Poland, known as pan-germanism

Foreign: (lebensraum) means living space take territory to make a bigger living space for everyone that is German

(lebensraum) race and living space

Germany needed more territory so they had to take over other countries

Also meant eliminating the “inferior” nations, Jews, Russians, Slavs, Ukrainians, and Gypsies (all were not German)

Beer Hall Putsch and its impact

Germans like to drink and people discussed politics in beer halls

Used 600 SA to attempt a coup (overthrow) the Weimar government in the Bavaria region with no support from the Bavarian government, police or army

Impact of the Beer Hall Putsch

the coup epically failed

16 SA members were killed

Hitler was arrested and tried for treason (served about 9 months in prison) and in prison he wrote his autobiography

Wrote Mein Kampf, which describes the ideology within Nazism

Promised only legal methods to gain power “doing things the right way”

What was the intended purpose of Appeasement?

to satisfy Hitler with everything that he wanted to do

it was also to prevent another war from happening

Why appeasement failed?

the countries miscalculated Hitler’s ambitions

Hitler tricked some of the countries to give him part of Europe and the countries thought he would stop, but he kept wanting more.

Individuals involved with the policy of Appeasement?

Neville Chamberlain Prime Minister of Great Britain, Mussilini

Nazi polices that enforced Jewish persecution

They had to wear the Star of David

Could not own shops

Rights were stripped away

Synangogues were burnt down

Goal of Hitler’s Final Solution

to eliminate 11 million Jews

Hitler’s views (25 points)

outlined the party's core political and social aims. It combined extreme nationalism, racial antisemitism, and some socialist ideas, appealing to a broad range of Germans disillusioned with the Weimar Republic.

Who was Neville Chamberlain?

british prime minister wasnts to make peace with germany

The cabinet is telling Neville not to make any agreements with Hitler, and he did the exact opposite

He made peace with the Czechs and the Germans

What is the Munich Agreement?

Germany gets the Sudetenland

defecate control over Czechoslovakia

Hitler’s appeal to the German population

he promised better rights for the workers and unemployed, he started renovating Germany, and wanted to increase the nationalism in Germany

Start of the Cold War

Yalta and potsdam

Yalta and Potsdam

Agreement at Yalta

Divide Germany into 4 zones to be occupied after the war by

Britain, France, USA, and USSR

Soviet perspective of Germany

Intially viewed it as a potential ally for revolution and later as a major threat.

Truman Doctrine

Containment - stopping the spread of communism, but not eliminating it from countries that already are communist

Marshall Plan

Western European nations threatened by communism because of instability, the US should provide aid to all European nations that need it.

Impacts on Cold War - Berlin Airlift

It reinforced Cold War divisions, led to the formation of NATO, and cemented Berlin as a symbol of the ideological conflict between East and West.

Impacts on Cold War - creation of the Berlin Wall

separating the East and the West between communism and anti-communism

Impacts on Cold War - Arms Race

(nuclear escalation) ideological competition for the minds and hearts of third world people “proxy wars”

Formation of NATO

As a result of we start to see the creation of NATO a strategic military alliance where if one of them is attacked that the other will come to their help

Formation of Warsaw Pact

Any country that is under the Warsaw Pact will receive help from the soviet union

Communist Revolution in China

Two political parties competed for power until 1920 ( nationalistic and communist) 

Who was involved

• Communists led by meo zudung 

• Nationalists were led by Chiang Kai-shek

Involvement of the US and the Soviet Union

The US sends supplies to nationalist China 

Soviet helps communist

helped increase the fear of communism spreading

Reasons why the Communists won

Supported the peasants, Women wanted equal rights, but women were treated as second-class citizens, fighting in a way that threw off the Chinese nationalists, guerrilla tactics

Reasons why the Nationalists lost

Nationalists lost popularity, Policies led to widespread economic hardship, Corruption in the government, individuals trying to take power from others, Foreign influence US, Imperialist powers, and most Chinese people hated Westerners because of the open door policy.

Mao’s Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution- Intended purpose

An attempt to make a superhuman effort to increase farm and industrial output, created communes to increase agricultural  output

Impact of Mao’s great leap forwad

produced low-quality, useless goods, and decreased farm production. Along with national disasters, it led to mass starvation- tens of millions starved to death

Why Afghanistan was desirable to GB and Russia

Afghanistan was landlocked and mountainous. It was also ethnically diverse.

Pro Soviet government in Afghanistan

The term "pro-Soviet government in Afghanistan" refers to the Afghan government that was established with Soviet support, particularly after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Opposition to Soviet influence

local resistance movements

Impact of the Mujahideen

Behind 911

Why the Soviets lost

The fierce resistance from the Mujahideen, the harsh terrain of Afghanistan, and external support to the insurgents from the United States and other countries

Impact and legacy

• The Mujahideen became Al-Qaeda (behind 9/11) 

• Formation of the Taliban  (radical Muslims) 

• Led to the soviet downfall 

• Continued instability in Afghanistan

 Why the Soviet Union was in an economic recession

The massive amounts of spending, especially in the army durning the soviet and Afghan wars, is what led to the economic recession

Glasnost

Glasnost, Russian for public openness, was a call for greater transparency in the soviet government, allowing more freedom of speech and freedom of the press.

Perestroika

Perestroika, Russian for restructuring, was a movement to restructure the russian economy, making it more capitalistic. Allowed for private ownership of some businesses within a few years.

 Individuals Involved

• Ronald Reagan- Gorbachev to improve Cold War relations 

• Gorbachev promised the policies of glasnost and perestroika 

• Boris Yeltsin- he was the first democratically elected president of Russia. His election marked the beginning of the russian federation

• George H.W. Bush-  continued improving relations with the soviets as they transitioned to the russian federation in 1991

Impacts on the Cold War

It ended the cold war