Unit 5.1: The Enlightenment and the Great Awakenings

Flashcards about the Enlightenment and the Great Awakenings. Includes the definition of key people, events, and vocabularly.

What governance shift occurred by 1750?

Smaller-scale states with weak, feudal governments yielded to large empires with powerful, centralized governments.

What was the largest sector of the economy across the globe by 1750?

Agricultural production.

What is Absolute Monarchy?

A system in which the monarch theoretically holds all the powers of the government without any legal restraints on their actions.

What palace represented the power of absolute monarchs?

Versailles.

What percentage of tax revenues did Absolute Monarchs of Europe invest in warfare?

90%

What was the Enlightenment?

An intellectual and ideological movement that transformed the cultural landscape, applying new ways of understanding the natural world and human relationships through reason and logic.

Where did educated Europeans gather to discuss the new Enlightenment philosophies?

Private parties called Salons and coffee houses.

What did Enlightenment philosophers propose as a new source of authority by which to shape culture?

Independent reason.

What are Natural Rights according to Enlightenment philosophers?

Rights that humans possessed, deduced by reason, which a government could not justly take away.

What is a Social Contract, according to John Locke?

An agreement by which the people of a country agreed to grant a government great powers in exchange for protection of their natural rights.

What is Separation of Powers, as advocated by Montesquieu?

Dividing a government's powers into three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial.

What is Deism?

A monotheistic view of the world in which God created the world but did not subsequently intervene in his creation.

What was the focus of the Great Awakenings?

Individual repentance and rebirth, with less interest placed on the cooperation between church and state.

What is Religious Disestablishment?

The abolishment of a state's connection to an official, state-funded church.

What is Abolitionism?

A movement in favor of abolishing slavery.

What is Compensated Emancipation?

Paying vast sums of money to forcibly purchase all slaves in the empire from their masters, setting them free.

What Enlightenment principle did Montesquieu use to criticize slavery?

The idea of Natural Rights.

When did the British Parliament abolish the slave trade?

1807

When did Britain pass the Slavery Abolition Act?

1833

When did Russia abolish serfdom?

1861

What is Suffrage?

The right to vote.

What is Feminism?

The idea that traditional patriarchal structures of society should be replaced by equality of men and women.

Who was Mary Wollstonecraft?

A notable early feminist in Great Britain who pushed for greater female access to education.

Who was Olympe de Gouges?

A French feminist who responded to the revolutionary emphasis on the equality of all men by insisting that Enlightenment principles of Natural Rights also applied to the female sex.

What is Nationalism?

The belief that people-groups rightly belong to an entity known as a Nation State, a government possessing the right and responsibility to unite all people of its nation under its direct rule.

What is a Nation State?

A government possessing the right and responsibility to unite all people of its nation under its direct rule.

What are Stateless Nations?

People groups without a Nation State increasingly viewed themselves as stateless nations, and began to agitate for independence.