lol

research is.. (5)

systematic
logical
empirical
reductive
replicable 

how is research systematic 

identifying and labeling variables, relationships 

how is research logical

allows researchers to draw conclusions 

how is research empirical 

data is used for testing and decision making 

how is research reductive

individual events or observations are used to estimate general relationships 

how is research replicable

the process needs to be documented so others can repeat the research or modify it 

what are the 3 research problems

resolving controversial issues
testing theories
trying to improve present practices 

what are the 2 data collection (research) techniques

basic research
applied research 

what is the value of basic research

may have limited direct application but allows researchers to have careful control of the conditions 

what is the value of applied research

has direct value to practitioners but limits researchers control over the research setting 

what is ecological validity

the extent to which research emulates the real world 

what is tenacity

clinging to certain beliefs despite a lack of supporting evidence 

what is intuition 

self evident information
no data to back up 

what is authority 

appeal to authority can be misleading 

what is a rationalistic method 

derive knowledge from reason, syllogism 

what is the empirical method (not empirical evidence)

using (limited) experience as a source of knowledge 

what are the 4 steps to the scientific method

developing the problem
formulating the hypothesis 
gathering data 
analyzing and interpreting the results 

what are the two forms of validty

internal
external

what is internal validity

to what extent can my intervention or the relationships i observe be attributed to the variables i am using or investigating 

what is external validity

can i generalize this to other settings 

what has been the main scientific approach for centuries

normal science 

what are the 5 key points of normal science

systematic
logical
empirical
reductive
replicable 

what is normal science the basic doctorine of

objectivity

what is normal science quantitative in

nature

what is normal science grounded in 

natural science

what are the laws of normal science

discoverable by but not influenced by humans 

when did normal science become relative

recently 1960s

why might normal science not be adequate for

human behaviour

how does normal science challenge sport psychology

lab tests may not translate to behaviour in sport

what are alternatives to normal science (5)

ethnographic
qualitative
grounded
naturalistic
participant observational research

what is normal science broadly

qualitative

what are the 5 types of research

analytical
descriptive
mixed-methods
experimental
qualitative

what is analytical research

explains complex phenomenas 

what are the 4 types of analytical research

historical
philosophical
reviews
research synthesis 

what does historical research deal with

events of the past

what does historical research focus on

events, organizations, instituitons, and people

what does historical research do to explain the present

perserve records, discover facts, understand the past events that explain the present

what is philosophical research

critical inquiry
synthesize a workable theoretical model 

Philosophical research is a method of critical, reflective inquiry that examines concepts and assumptions to build coherent, well-reasoned theoretical models.

what do problems of philosophical research include

objectives, curricula, course content, methodology 

what are reviews 

critical evaluation of recent research

what is required for a review

vast knowledge

what does a review do

analysis, evaluation and integration of the published literature

when is a knowledge synthesis done

when a large body of study needs to be synthesized

what is an example of knowledge synthesis 

agreement vs diagreement 

An example of knowledge synthesis is examining multiple sources to identify both agreement and disagreement, which helps form a balanced understanding of a topic and guides future research.

when is knowledge synthesis quantitative

meta analysis 

what is descriptive research

describe the status of the study's focus 

what are 4 metthods of descriptive research

surveys
interviews
surveillance systems 
secondary sources of data 

what are descriptive research questionnaires used to get

large amounts of data from people 

what can descriptive research questionnaires include 

various types of data

how can online polling help descriptive research questionnaires 

helps reach various populations 

what are the advantages of descriptive research interviews

explanation
rephrasing 

what is a descriptive research normative survey, what is its scope 

large in scope
nation wide or international 

what do descriptive research normative surveys do

create a reference data for other studies, growth curves, percentiles 

what is a case study

in depth information about an individual person, institution, community, or organization

what does a case study describe

desrcibes and explores unique characteristics or settings 

what are case studies widely used in

health research, also qualitative research 

what happens during observational research

behaviours are observed in a setting which are generally coded and characteristics are analyzed 

what is correlational research

the focus is the relationship between two (or more) variables and can sometimes be predictive 

what does epidemiological research focus on (3)

health
- frequencies and dsitributions of health and disease 
- populations and inequalities 
- prevalence, incidence, risk 

what can experiemntal research manipulate 

treatments 

what can experiemntal research establish 

cause and effect situation 

there are several designs and characteristics of experimental research what are 5

blinding
cross over
natural experiments
controlling
quasi experimental 

what is qualitative research common in 

social sciences 

what does qualitative research rarely define

hypothesis 

what is used in qualitative research 

uses general questions, intensive data collection 

what is mixed methods research 

both qualitative and quantitative approaches are included 

two smaller studies or components 

what are the 4 key components of a research document

introduction
methods
results
discussion

what does the introduction define

the variables
rationale for the aim
states hypothesis 

what does the methods defineq

design of study
type of data
how the data will be gathered and analyzed 
who are the particpants 

what do the results describe

partiicpants and variables and quantifies relationships 

what does the discussion define

interpret the findings relative to what is known and confirm the hypotheses 

what is inductive reasoning 

Inductive reasoning starts with specific observations and uses them to develop general conclusions, patterns, or theories.

Observations → Hypotheses → Theory

what is deductive reasoning 

Deductive reasoning starts with a general rule, principle, or theory and applies it to make specific predictions about individual cases.

Theory → Hypothesis → Observation/Prediction

what are the 3 parts of a literature review

what is known
where it can be found 
the challenge is how studies can be related to one another 

what 4 things can we use available literature to do

describe the variables
discuss how they may be related
explain why this is relevant 
hypothesize about the results 

what 4 things should a title be 

researchable 
enticing 
short? too much information can be hard to read
clear 

why do we need a background and justification 

justification for research
- why is it important 
- what is its contribution
lead to the objective and purpose 

what 4 things do we need to write a good introduction

assume the ready knows very little
use simple and direct vocab
introduce background info
the purpose of the study should be clear 

what does the research purpose follow

introductory paragraph but can be concluding paragraph or a standalone section/subsection 

what are 4 types of variables

dependent 
independent 
control 
extraneous 

what two things are apart of presenting the hypotheses 

expected results
testable 

what is a null hypothesis 

no difference between treatments
no relationships between variables 

what are operationally defining terms

describe an observable phenomemnon 

Operational definitions specify exactly how a concept or variable will be measured, observed, or manipulated in a study. They turn abstract ideas into concrete, measurable elements so that research can be replicated and tested.

i.e

Abstract concept: Stress

• Operational definition: Stress is measured by a score on the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) questionnaire.

what should be eliminated when planning the methods

alternative hypotheses 

when planning the methods what principle is used

maxicon principle 

what are the 3 factors of the maxicon principle

• maximize true variance or increase the odds that the real relationship or explanation will be discoverd 
  - minimize error variance or reduce mistakes that could disguise the true relationship 
  - control extraneous variance 

what are 3 factors to consider for data collection

when, where, how long
expertise in tests and instrument administration
plan for data acquisition and analyses 

what are 4 factors to consider for experiments

how long, how intense, how often
adherence?
how to measure response 
safety 

what are 4 descriptive studies that include one data collection period

survey 
delphi method
normative survey 
cross sectional 

what are 3 descriptive studies that include more than one data collection period

developmental research
longitudinal research 
prospective/retrospective 

what are 4 other descriptive studies that don't include one or more than one data collection period

case study
case control study
observational study 
correlational study 

what is a observational study

a type of study in which individuals are observed or certain outcomes are measured, no attempt is made to affect the outcome 

when are 3 times we should plan and/or conduct a descriptive study

something new - there is limited information to plan or experiment or a longer study
limited resources - there is not enough time or instruments, the context is unique 
an experiment is dangerous - it may be impossible or unethical to experiment 

what are survey studies 

• broad in scope
  - describe present practices/characeristics/opinions of a population 
  - used in education, physchology, sociology, PA 

what are 2 data collection techniques of a survey study 

questionnaires: answered on paper or online 
interviews: answered in person or online, conducted orally, not the same as qualitative interview based methods 

what is the purpose of questionnaires 

obtain information by asking participants to report instead of observing them 

what are questionnaires limited by 

what people say/perceive 

some information can only be obtained by…

questionnaires 

what 3 key points are brought up when determining the objective of a questionnaire 

• prevent questions/questionnaires without a clear objective 
  - what each item (question will be and why
  1) what infromation do you need 
  2) how will the responses be analyzed
  - length of the questionnaire 

how should we determine the sample for questionnaire 

- selected participants are the ones to answer (exception: parents, coachers, teachers answering about children/students) 
- representativeness of the sample
- knowing where your partcipants are and how to invite them
- choosing what is feasible