Chapter 10 Substance Use and addictive order

What is a drug?

Any substance other than food that affects the body or mind, including alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine.

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What is substance intoxication?

A cluster of changes in behavior, emotion, or thought caused by substance use.

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What are substance use disorders (SUDs)?

Maladaptive patterns of behavior and reactions caused by repeated substance use.

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What is tolerance?

The need for increasing amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effect.

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What is withdrawal?

Unpleasant and sometimes dangerous symptoms when stopping or reducing substance use.

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How is a substance use disorder diagnosed (DSM-5-TR)?

At least 2 symptoms within a 1-year period causing impairment or distress.

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Name common DSM-5-TR symptoms of SUD.

Larger use than intended, failed attempts to quit, time spent using, cravings, role failure, tolerance, withdrawal.

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What are depressants?

Substances that slow central nervous system (CNS) activity.

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What are effects of depressants?

Reduced tension, lowered inhibitions, impaired judgment, motor activity, and concentration.

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What are the main types of depressants?

Alcohol, sedative-hypnotics, opioids.

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What is the main active ingredient in alcohol?

Ethyl alcohol.

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How does alcohol affect the brain?

Increases GABA activity, producing inhibitory effects.

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What BAC level is considered intoxicated?

0.09%.

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What is binge drinking?

Five or more drinks on one occasion.

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What is alcohol use disorder?

A pattern of problematic alcohol use affecting life functioning.

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What are severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms called?

Delirium tremens (DTs).

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What are long-term effects of alcoholism?

Brain damage, liver disease (cirrhosis), memory issues, and social problems.

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What are opioids?

Narcotic drugs (natural or synthetic) that relieve pain and depress the CNS.

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Examples of opioids?

Morphine, codeine, heroin, oxycodone, fentanyl.

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What causes opioid addiction?

Rapid tolerance and severe withdrawal symptoms.

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What are opioid withdrawal symptoms?

Anxiety, restlessness, pain, vomiting, diarrhea, fever.

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What is the main danger of opioids?

Overdose and death.

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What are stimulants?

Drugs that increase CNS activity.

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Effects of stimulants?

Increased heart rate, alertness, energy, and rapid thinking.

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Common stimulants?

Cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, caffeine.

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How does cocaine affect the brain?

Increases dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.

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What is a cocaine “crash”?

A depression-like state after the drug wears off.

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What are amphetamines?

Lab-made stimulants that increase energy and alertness.

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What is methamphetamine?

A highly addictive stimulant causing severe physical and mental harm.

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What is stimulant use disorder?

A pattern where stimulant use dominates life and impairs functioning.

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What are hallucinogens?

Drugs that alter perception, mood, and sensory experience.

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Examples of hallucinogens?

LSD, MDMA, psilocybin.

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What does LSD do?

Causes hallucinations and altered sensory perception.

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What is MDMA known for?

Producing energy and feelings of emotional connection.

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What is cannabis?

A drug from hemp plants producing mixed depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic effects.

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What is THC?

The main psychoactive ingredient in cannabis.

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Effects of cannabis?

Relaxation, altered perception, memory impairment.

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What is polysubstance use?

Using multiple drugs at the same time.

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What are synergistic effects?

When drugs interact to produce stronger combined effects.

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What sociocultural factors contribute to SUDs?

Stressful environments, family attitudes, and social stress.

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What is the cognitive-behavioral view of SUDs?

Drug use is learned through rewards and conditioning.

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What biological factors contribute to SUDs?

Genetics, neurotransmitters, and brain reward systems.

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What neurotransmitter is key in addiction?

Dopamine.

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What is the reward pathway?

Brain circuit that produces pleasure and reinforces behavior.

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What is incentive-sensitization theory?

Repeated drug use makes the brain hypersensitive to substances.

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What is reward deficiency syndrome?

Reduced natural pleasure, leading individuals to seek drugs.

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What is detoxification?

Medically supervised withdrawal from a substance.

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What are antagonist drugs?

Drugs that block or reduce the effects of addictive substances.

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What is methadone maintenance therapy?

A treatment using a safer opioid substitute.

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What are cognitive-behavioral treatments for SUDs?

Aversion therapy, contingency management, relapse prevention.

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What are sociocultural treatments?

Self-help groups, community programs, culturally sensitive therapy.

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What is gambling disorder?

A behavioral addiction involving compulsive gambling.

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Symptoms of gambling disorder?

Increasing bets, inability to stop, lying, chasing losses, risking relationships.

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How is gambling disorder treated?

Cognitive-behavioral therapy, medications, and support groups.