People

Wilhelm Wundt

Wilhelm Wundt

developed first psych lab in 1879

• empiricism/empirical data

• structuralism

Edward Titchener

structuralism

• introspection (reflecting inward) to explore structural elements of behavior

William James

functionalism

G. Stanley Hall

first APA president

Margaret Floy Washburn

first female APA president

Mary Whiton Calkons

first female phd in psychology

Sigmund Freud (biological bases)

behavior = reflection of unconscious aggressive/sexual impulses

• looked at relationships from childhood through adulthood

Watson & Skinner

behaviorism

• observable behavior and learned responses

• nurture is dominant

• all good/bad behaviors can be learned/unlearned

Charles Darwin

founder of evolutionary approach and natural selection

Leon Festinger

studied cognitive dissonance in 1957

Zimbardo

prison study in 1971

• examined effects of social roles

Milgram

obedience study

Soloman Asch

studied conformity and normative social influence

Kitty Genovese

related to the bystander effect

• stabbed to death in NY

Phineas Gage

had a metal iron stick go through his head/brain and lived

Roger Sperry & Michael Gazzangia

researched split brains (corpus callosum isn’t connected)

Freud (sleeping and dreaming)

studied free association

• emphasizes latent content (unconscious drives/wishes)

E.L. Thorndike

law of effect

• behaviors followed by positive/negative consequences are strengthened/weakened

B.F. Skinner (learning)

studied positive/negative reinforcement

Edward Tolman

latent learning (did study with rats)

• learning occurs but isn’t evident until later trials/incentives (no reinforcement)

Julian Rotter

locus of control

• internal = we control fate

• external = outside forces control fate

Martin Seligman

learned helplessness

Albert Bandura

Bobo Doll Study

• children learn both prosocial (positive) and antisocial (negative) behaviors

Ivan Pavlov

classical conditioning

• US: food

• UR: salvation

• CS: ringing bell

• CR: salvation

John Watson (classical conditioning)

Little Albert experiment

• believed phobias could be caused by CC

Mary Cover Jones & Joseph Wolpe

found that phobias can be removed (systematic desensitization)

John Garcia

taste aversion

Robert Rescorla & Wagner

believes CC isn’t as automatic as had been thought

• cognitive factors

• people can “out-think” association

Freud (personality)

ID = raw impulses/needs

Superego = guilt/worry about doing the right thing

Ego = balance

• defense mechanisms balance the ego

Carl Jung (neofreudian)

believed part of the unconscious was collective meaning that everyone shared

• archetypes

Alfred Adler

looked at relationships

• need for superiority and how we develop inferiority complexes

Karen Horney (neofreudian)

studied modern psychodynamic theory

• importance of relationships and defense mechanisms

McCrae & Costa

Big 5 Personality Traits

• Openness

• Conscientiousness

• Extraversion

• Agreeableness

• Neuroticism

Albert Bandura (personality)

reciprocal determinism

• how thoughts, actions, and environment interact/drive personality

self efficacy

• believe you’ll be successful and you will be

Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy of Needs

1. self actualization

2. esteem

3. love/belonging

4. safety needs

5. physiological needs

Carl Rogers

studied positive regard

• the acceptance and love we need from others to grow

Freud (psychosexual personality development)

psychosexual stages (can develop fixations)

• oral: birth-18 months

• anal: 18 months-3 years

• phallic: 3-5 years

• latency: 6-8 years

• genital: puberty and on

Gustav Fechner

studied psychophysics

• relationship between physical energy in environment and psychological experience of that energy

Young Helmholtz

studied trichromatic theory

• red, green, blue

George Miller

studied short-term/working memory and storage

• limited to 5-7 things without rehearsal

Brown & Peterson

studied short-term/working memory and storage

• limited to 18-20 seconds without rehearsal

Hermann Ebbinghaus

studied the forgetting curve graph

• we forget information soon after we learn it

Elizabeth Loftus

studied memory construction errors

• reconstruction, misinformation effect, and source amnesia

Alfred Binet

studied IQ (intelligence quotient)

• only determined from taking a valid/reliable test

• 1904 developed first IQ test testing children’s abilities

mental age/chronological age x 100

Francis Galton

wanted to measure traits for intelligence

• started nature/nurture debate

• believed intelligence was based on genetics

Spearman + G

common mental abilities/reasoning measured on IQ tests

• intelligence is based on genetics

Lewis Terman

brought IQ test to Stanford in 1921

• believed in eugenics and inherited intelligence

David Wechler

divided tests into verbal and performance tasks

• WAIS: Wechler Adult Intelligence Scale

• WISC: Wechler Intelligence Scale for Children

Raymond Cattell

studied fluid intelligence and crystalized intelligence in 1963

Robert Sternberg

studied triarchic theory in 1985

• analytical: traditional “general” intelligence

• creative: ability to deal with novel situations and have unique ideas

• practical thinking: everyday situations/street-smarts

Daniel Goleman

studied emotional intelligence

• ability to perceive/use/manage/understand emotions

Howard Gardner

studied the multiple intelligence theory (1999)

Paul Ekman

studied facial expressions

• primary culturally universal emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, surprise, fear)

• inherited through natural selection

James Lange

studied emotional theories

• label emotions ONLY on physiological changes

• facial feedback theory

Cannon Bard

studied emotional theories

• experience of emotion is a SIMULTANEOUS reaction with physiological responses and labeling

Shacter 2 Factor & Lazarus

studied emotional theories

• part of emotional experience is biological/cognitive based on environment

• Lazarus: always cognitive appraisal

Zajonc & Ledoux

studied emotional theories

• low road (amygdala): quick responses with body changes and no thinking

• high road (frontal lobe): cognitively appraise emotion after

Hans Selye

studied General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

• alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Kurt Lewin

studied motivational conflicts

• approach-approach (both desirable)

• approach- avoidance (desirable and undesirable)

• avoidance-avoidance (both undesirable)

• multiple approach-avoidance (think of college decisions)

Martin Seligman (motivation, emotion, stress)

studied positive psychology

• 3 pillars to focus on

  • personal well-being

  • character traits

  • groups/relationships

M. Zuckerman

studied sensation seeking inventory

Yerkes-Dodson

studied arousal and performance

• relationship between emotional arousal and performance

David McClelland

studied achievement motivation

• need to excel/achieve

• work harder, more persistent, struggle is good

Kinsey & Masters/Johnson

performed famous studies on sexual motivation and behavior

Jean Piaget

studied cognitive development

• sensorimotor: birth-2

• preoperational: 2-7

• concrete operational: 7-11

• formal operational: 11+

Lev Vygotsky

studied cognitive development and culture social development

• zone of proximal development (ZPD)

• scaffolding

Mary Ainsworth

studied attachment

• performed the strange situation study (baby with stranger and mom)

• 3 types of attachment

  • secure (66%)

  • avoidant (22%)

  • ambivalent (12%)

Diana Baumrind

studied parenting styles

• affect formation of self concept

authoritarian, permissive, authoritative

Harry Harlow

studied attachment (monkey experiment)

• believed it was more than providing food/physical nourishment

  • contact comfort

Erik Erikson

studied the psychosocial theory/socioemotional development

• key is to develop an identity or sense of self

• 8 stages

Dorothea Dix

reformed mental institutions in the U.S.

David Hubel & Torsten Wiesel

studied feature detectors

• specialized cells that see motion, shapes, lines, etc

Wolfgang Kohler

studied insight learning

• chimps experiment

• learning is based on experience and problem solving

• “a-ha” moment

Noam Chomsky

studied nativistic theory

• language is innate (evolutionary) and biological

• predisposed to learn

Benjamin Whorf

studied linguistic determinism

• language influences the way we think

Konrad Lorenz

studied imprinting

• the first thing babies see after birth is their mom (critical period)

Lawrence Kohlberg

studied moral development

• preconventional mortality (children; follow rules to avoid punishment)

• conventional mortality (teens; rules exist to keep order)

• postconventional mortality (adults; reflect on life)

Carol Gilligan

studied moral reasoning

• moral reasoning and moral behaviors are two different things (what you say isn’t always what you do)

Alfred Kinsey

studied sexuality

• created Kinsey scale of homosexuality (ranges on spectrum)

Aaron Beck

studied cognitive therapy

• depression

Gordon Allport

three levels of traits

• cardinal trait (dominant; characterizes life)

• central trait (common to all people)

• secondary trait (surfaces in some situations and not others)

Albert Ellis

father of Rational Emotive Therapy

• focuses on altering client’s patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior/emotion

H. Rorschach

developed one of the first projective tests (Inkblot Test)

• subjects read inkblots and project to observer aspects of their personality

Walter Cannon

believed that gastric activity in an empty stomach was the sole reason for hunger

• experiment: inserted balloon into subjects stomach