Biology H - Semester 1 (all units)

Eukaryotes

Organisms whose cells have membrane-bound organelles

Prokaryotes

Organisms whose cells have no membrane bound organelles

The only organelle which both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common are…

Ribosomes

Ribosomes are present in all cells because…

It is the only non-membrane bound organelle

Autotrophs

Can produce their own food (through photosynthesis)

Among eukaryotes, the only autotrophs are…

Plants and (some) protists

Heterotrophs

Cannot produce their own food; rely on the consumption of foods produced by autotrophs

List (at least) 5 general processes/properties which all living things do/have:

- Respiration

- Reproduction

- Adaptation (e.g. evolution)

- Respond to their environment (stimuli)

- Have DNA

- Have a metabolism

- Have cell(s)

- Grow and develop

- Consume nutrients (either through producing or taking them from a producer)

Respiration (not the formula, but what it does)

A process which all living things do to get ATP (energy)

Respiration formula

6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP

Although all living things reproduce, it is not individually…

Essential to life

Plants need CO₂ for…

Plants need O₂ for…

- Photosynthesis

- Respiration

C₆H₁₂O₆

Glucose

The amount of ATP produced in aerobic respiration is…

36 - 38

The amount of ATP produced in anaerobic- respiration is…

2

Aerobic respiration

A type of respiration that uses oxygen

Anaerobic respiration

A type of respiration that does not use oxygen

When organisms grow, their cells do not grow. They simply gained…

More cells

When organisms develop, their cells are not changed. The cells are simply…

Moving & (some) dying

Photosynthesis (not the formula, but what it does)

A process that some living things do to produce food (usually glucose)

Photosynthesis formula

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

If photosynthesis is anabolic, respiration is…

Catabolic (breaks down polymers into monomers)

If respiration is catabolic, photosynthesis is…

Anabolic (builds polymers out of monomers)

Evolution

Biological process where heritable traits in populations are modified over generations (either through natural selection or mutations)

Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti (what term does each word represent)

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

The DKPCOFGS acronym defines organisms through…

Breaking them down

Domain consists of…

Bacteria, archaea and eukarya

Kingdom consists of…

Plants,animals, protists and fungi

Plants are…

- Multicellular

- Autotrophs

Animals are…

- Multicellular

- Heterotrophs

Protists are…

- (multi/uni) cellular

- (auto/hetero) trophs

Fungi are…

- (multi/uni) cellular

- Heterotrophs

How you correctly name all organisms (scientifically):

In Latin, you write their genus and then their species, underlined and capitalized.

EX: Homo sapiens (humans)

The DKPCOFGS acronym applies to both…

Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Homeostasis

A response to stimuli that makes an organism be in a state of balance internally (e.g. human blood sugar control)

Humans have … body systems

11

External stimuli

Anything that affects an organism’s 5 senses

Internal stimuli

More chemistry-related, examples are hormones/neurotransmitters

Plants communicate through … , which makes them …

fungi that trade resources throughout the plants’ roots, almost like a “wood spider web”; superorganisms

Organization of life (list what makes up what):

Atoms make up molecules which make up organelles which make up cells which make up tissue which make up organs which make up organ systems which make up organisms.

Feedback

When one part of an organism turns another one on/off

Negative feedback (give an example):

- Self-regulating mechanism that maintains homeostasis through responses (to stimuli) that counteract or reverse a change caused by stimuli

- Homeotasis (and anything that encompasses it)

Positive feedback (give an example):

- Self-amplifying cycle where a stimuli’s output is intensified to break balance, often to complete a crucial task rapidly

- Oxytocin release during childbirth, blood clotting

Metabolism

All of the chemical rxns in an organism (assisted by enzimes)

Reproduction

A fundamental process where offspring are produced from parents, ensuring the continuation of the species

Reproduction can be broken down into:

- Binary fission

- Mitosis

- Meiosis

Binary fission (not detailed explanation)

Similar to mitosis, it is a type of asexual reproduction in bacteria where a cell grows and splits itself into 2 new cells

Binary fission (detailed explanation)

The bacteria cell duplicates its circular chromosome, pulls the two chromosomes into the opposite sides of the cells, enlarges itself, and creates a division septum (a new cell wall and cell membrane) in the middle of the cell, which marks where the bacteria is broken in half once that septum contents fully develop.

Eukaryotes have … chromosome(s)

Prokaryotes have … chromosome(s)

- Multiple linear chromosomes

- A single circular chromosome

DNA is the only molecule that…

Can replicate itself

Mitosis

Similar to binary fission, it is a type of asexual reproduction where (some) eukaryotic cells are broken down into 2 daughter cells

Base units of metric system (and their functions):

Meters (distance), grams (mass), liters (volume)

Meiosis

A type of sexual reproduction where two eukaryotic organisms produce offspring by sharing half of their (26, linear) chromosomes and having that offspring inherit each half of the parent’s traits

Sexual reproduction induces…

Diversity among offspring (good thing)

Metric system ladder (only the relevant ones)

Kilo (K)

Hecto (H)

Deka (D)

Base unit (m, g, L)

Deci (d)

Centi (c)

Milli (m)

Micro (μ)

If you are converting a bigger amount to a smaller amount, you move the decimal place to the…

Right

If you are converting a smaller amount to a bigger amount, you move the decimal place to the…

Left

Scientific process steps (may vary):

- Observation (must be a fact)

- Question (based on observation)

- Research (based on question)

- Hypothesis (doesn’t have to be a fact; based on research)

- Experiment (to support or reject hypothesis)

- Data analysis (to determine whether hypothesis was proven right or wrong)

- Conclusion (based on data analysis)

Independent variable (IV)

The variable that is changed by the experimenter to affect the DV; always on the x-axis of a scientific graph

Dependent (DV)

The variable that is affect by the IV; always on the y-axis of a scientific graph

Experimental group

The group in an experiment that is changed/altered upon

Control group

The group in an experiment that is not changed

Constants

Other factors that may be considered in an experiment (temperature, pH level, location, etc), based on what involves

How the IV and DV are set up in a data table:

IV goes on the left and DV goes on the right (to show IV affecting DV)

A sample in an experiment should be… because …

Very big; negates outliers

A scientific graph should always be titled…

“The effect of IV on DV”

In a scientific graph, always label your … and use …

- X and Y axes (YDIX)

- Units (separately), even if you need to assume what they are

Use a key if…

There are multiple DVs

Types of scientific relationships on a data table:

- Direct relationship (as IV ↑, DV ↑)

- Indirect relationship (as IV↓/↑, DV ↑/↓)

- Cyclic relationship (IV and DV follow a loop)

- Neither (as, IV goes ↑, DV goes ↑ then ↓)

A controlled experiment differs from a normal experiment because it has…

A control group

Controlled experiments are more accurate than normal ones because…

Constants are kept the same across all groups (except for the IV)

Controlled experiment

A controlled experiment is a scientific test where variables are kept constant except for one manipulated factor (the IV) to see its effect on an outcome (the DV). It uses a control group and an experimental group to isolate cause-and-effect, ensuring results aren't due to other constants.

Elements with the most similar chemical properties

Usually in the same groups

Atomic mass

All occuring isotopes

An electron that goes up energy levels…

Absorbs more energy

An element in the excited state

Will have a different electron configuration as shown, but still have the same total amount of electrons

Covalent bond

When two non-metal atoms share valence electrons

Ionic bond

When the element with the highest electronegativity takes an electron from the one with the lowest (only exceptions are H and He, occurs between a metal and non-metal)

Non-polar covalent bond

When two non-metal atoms share electrons perfectly evenly because they have the same level of electronegativity

Polar covalent bond

When two non-metal atoms share valence electrons unevenly because they have different electronegativities

When an atom loses electrons…

Forms positive ions, also called becoming a cation or positive dipole

When an atom gains electrons….

Forms negative ions, also called becoming a anion or negative dipole

How do you determine the size of a bond?

You subtract 8 (octet rule) - # of valence electrons

In a stable state, the atomic number represents

The amount of protons and electrons

How to find amount of neutrons

atomic mass/mass # (rounded to nearest whole number) - atomic number

In general, the atomic number represents

the amount of protons

In general, the mass number represents

What the new atomic mass is in an isotope of an element

If an element is a different isotope than what is shown on the periodic table, what does that mean?

Whatever the number input is, that is the new atomic mass (leading to variation in # of neutrons)

27
13Al

27 = mass number, 13 = atomic number

An electron’s mass is 

Nothing

amu (meaning of acronym)

Atomic mass unit, used to calculate atomic mass

Nuclear charge is the same as

Atomic number (and a + sign prior to it due to nuclear charge always being positive)

Add up all electrons in electron configuration

How to determine amount of protons (atomic #) in ground state

Read questions

slowly, carefully, fully

Do not be afraid to ask Ms Maynard

If you have any concerns about logistics (such as if we can assume all elements are in ground state unless told otherwise)

Element with ion + (EX: O+) has…

One less electron

Mass number formula

number of protons + number of neutrons

Completion

All reactants are converted back to products

Reversible reactons

Products of the reaction become reactants when the reaction is reversed

What are the 4 most important elements in living things?

Carbon (C)

Nitrogen (N)

Oxygen (O)

Hydrogen (H)