Proped credit 2

Location and percatoric sound of healthy liver in dog

Location: right side 10th-13th ICS, left side 10-12th ventrally

Dull sound

Write causes of pre-hepatic icterus

Excessive destruction of RBCs. Caused by bacterial toxins, parasites and poisoning.

Biopsy of liver in horses is performed in which ICS?

12th-14th ICS

Topography of kidney in cattle is

Right: From last rib to 2nd-3rd lumbar vertebra, more laterally

Left: depend on rumen content. More caudally, 3rd-5th lumbar.

Write term of increased urination

Pollakiuria

Write methods of urine collection in horse

Induced urination (stroking perineum, vulva, prepuce, per rectum)

Catheterization

Spontaneous urination (free catch)

Which organs do you investigate by rectal examination of cattle?

Caudal edge of left kidney

Rumen

Cecum

Aorta

Peritoneum

Pelvis

Lymph nodes

Bladder (if filled)

Vagina

Cervix

Uterus

Ovaries

Write shapes of teats in dairy cows

Cylindrical

Bottle

Conical

Short

Collapsed

Fleshy

Pencil-like

Which signs of bones do you examine

Shape and contour

Palpation consistency

Sensitivity

Presence of crepitation

What is excitation and describe typical symptoms

Deviation from normal consciousness where there are exaggerated reactions to external stimuli.

Symptoms:

Restlessness

Fear

Anxiety

Increased tendency to escape

Aggression

Twitching of ears, eyes, tail

Vocal expressions

Spasms

Injure itself

Classify paralysis according to muscle tonus

Spastic and flaccid paralysis

Inflammation of external navel is called

Omphalitis

Inflammation of internal navel and navel vein

Omphalophlebitis

Write congenital disorders in newborns and typical symptoms

Intrauterine infections: tuberculosis, brucellosis, BVD

Parasitic invasion: fasciolosis, toxoplasmosis

Nutritional deficiencies: enzootic ataxia, limb deformities, rickets, cleft plate etc.

Poisons: plants, chemicals

Hormonal disorders: e.g. pituitary gland

Physical effect: radiation, hyperthermia

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What is depression and symptoms

Depression is a deviation of normal consciousness where diminished response to external stimuli is observed.

Symptoms:

Lower/no interest in food

Dejected and doomy when standing

Support head on floor when laying

Unwilling to move

Dull reaction to stimuli

What is microcytic anemia of erythrocytes?

MCV is decreased (lower average volume thus size)

Clotting time

2-5 min

What is poikilocytosis of RBC?

Occurrence of abnormal shaped red blood cells

Location of liver in cattle

Right side

11th-12th ICS

Classification of icterus

Hemolytic (prehepatic)

Hepatic

Obstructive (post hepatic)

Biopsy of liver in cattle which ICS?

10th ICS

Topography of kidney in horse

Right: heart shaped. Last three ribs to 1st lumbar.

Left: under first 3 lumbar

Term of decreased frequency of urination

Anuria

Methods of urine collection in dogs

Spontaneous urination (free catch)

Catheterization

Cystocentesis

Which organs are examined during rectal examination of horse?

Spleen

Small colon

Left kidney

Lig. renolienale

Cecum

Aorta

Large colon

Taenia

Udder shape of dairy cow

Milking machine (key shaped) udder

Abdominal

Large

Caudal

Round

Stepped

Goat

Primitive

Which signs of muscle do you examine

Size

Shape

Muscle tone

Pain

Muscle damage due to trauma

Write causes of heart murmurs in newborn

Congenital heart defect, such as PDA, VSD, pulmonary/mitral stenosis

What is hypochromic anemia of eryhtrocytes?

Reduced MCHC (mean corpuscular Hb concentration)

Reference of bleeding time is

3-5 min

What is anisocytosis of erythrocytes?

Describes red blood cells of different sizes, varies with the blood

Topography of kidney in dog is

Right: under first 3 lumbar

Left: depend on stomach content. If empty, same as right. If full, below 3rd-5th lumbar.

What abnormal content can you find in milk by inspection?

Blood

Flakes (casein, fibrin, pus)

Blood clots, pus and serous secretion when udder is dried

What cause dog-sitting position in horse?

Acute gastric dilation

Hamstring/achilles rupture

Nutritional muscular dystrophy

Paraparesis

Which disorders of umbilicus can we detect in young animals?

Omphalitis

Omphalophlebitis

Omphaloarteritis

Urachitis

Umbilical hernia

During limb movement, we examine...

Rate, range, force and direction when animal is walking

What is paresis?

Partial loss of ability to contract muscles

What is cystocentesis?

Urine collection in small animals directly from bladder. Grasp bladder, insert needle and collect urine with syringe.

Which postural reactions do we examine in dogs

Bending neck to the side

Crossing forelegs

Wheelbarrowing reaction

Hopping reaction

Proprioceptive positioning reaction

Extensor postural thrust reaction

Placing

Classification of paralysis is

Monoplegia - paralysis of one limb

Hemiplegia - paralysis of one half of the body

Paraplegia - affects paired limbs or parts of the body

Tetraplegia - paralysis of all four limbs

Range of normal capillary refill time

1-3 sec

Typical symptoms of hepatic disease is revealed by inspection

Jaundice, neurological disorders, anorexia, weakness, poor nutritional status, colic, steatorrhea, diarrhea, hemorrhagic diathesis, edema/acites, acholic feces, hemoglobinuria.

Percussion of kidney is usually performed in what animal

Cattle and dogs

What is CMT

California mastitis test

Which signs of udder do we examine in cow by inspection?

Shape

Size

Symmetry

Skin

Coat

Teats

Dripping of secretion when laying down, hygiene of bedding, behavior of animal.

Basic signs of normal vitality in calves are

1) Weight is 36 +-8 kg

2) Calf stand up within 1h after birth and is able to move

3) Suckling reflex within 1h

4) 2L colostrum within 6h

5) First defecation within 6-8h after birth

Which motor disturbances do you know?

Qualitative (parakinesia): disorder of a large number of nerves, or coordination of these nerves with subsequent disorders of function in the relevant muscles, which are innervated by these nerves. E.g ataxia.

Quantitative (hyperkinesia): enhancement or complete suppression of muscle effect. Paralysis, spasms, tremor, nystagmus, forced movement.

Basic deviations of consciousness

Depression and excitation

Stiffness is due to

Muscle disorders: myositis, degeneration, parasites, bone disorders, congenital causes

Increased concentration of urea in blood is due to

Dehydration, urinary tract obstruction, renal problems (?)

Cause of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals in urine is

Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) poisoning

Cause of renal proteinuria

Damage to glomeruli (amyloidosis, glomerulonephritis). Feverish and toxaemic conditions.

What is neutrophilia left shift?

Increased number of immature band neutrophils

What is the pH of urine in car?

5.0-7.0

What types of anemia do we know?

1) Post-hemorrhagic anemia

2) Hemolytic anemia

3) Dishemapoietic anemia

What causes of decreased blood protein concentration do you know

Blood loss, malnutrition, hepatic insufficiency (?)

Hematological profile includes

RBC, WBC, PVC, HCt, Hb, MCV, MCHC, MCH, platelet count, differential WBC, reticulocyte count

Basic shape of udder in dairy cow

Milking machine or key-shaped udder

What is glucosuria - cause?

Increased concentration of glucose in urine. Caused by reduced renal tubular reabsorption capacity