AP Human Geography Exam Review

Complete review of hopefully everything you'll need for the exam! I hope everyone does good on the exam and I'm wishing you the best of luck. This helped me get a 5 and I hope it does the same for you! You got this!!

Balkanization

Balkanization

Breakup of a country into smaller regions or countries

Rostow’s stages of economic growth (stages)

Traditional society, preconditions to take-off, take-off, drive to maturity, and age of high mass consumption

Just in time delivery

Products are delivered right when they are needed in the production processing

Growth Poles

Specific areas that are considered centers of economic growth and development

Deindustrialization

Decline of industrial production

Ecotourism

tourism that focuses on experiencing natural areas while minimizing the negative impact on the environment

What can be used to understand the standard of living

GNI

Why might a country start using tariffs

To promote local job growth

Benefit of microloans

Can reduce the cycle of poverty

Wallerstein’s world system theory

Claims that rich core capitalist societies succeed by exploiting poorer peripheral ones

Free trade

trade without tariffs or restrictions

Complementary index

each offers something to the other that it needs or wants (higher the score, the more complementary)

Competitive advantage

ability to produce a good/service at a lower opportunity cost than other producers

Economic restructuring

A shift (may be in production, employment, trade, ect)

Offshoring

Relocating a business to a foreign country

Outsourcing

Hiring an outside company to r create goods that were traditionally done in-house

International division of labor

Core countries have products made in semi and periphery countries and then having them shipped back

Multiplier effect

Phenomenon where an event leads to a chain reaction of economic activity

Opportunity cost

the activity that must be given up in order to conduct the current activity

Core countries

Most developed; highest standard of living

GDP

total value of all goods and services within a country; Economy growing

GNP

countries total economic output; Factors residents in other countries

GNI

Total amount of income generated by a countries residents

Gender Inequality index (GII)

Measures inequalities in health, education, and economic participation (higher the score more inequality)

Gender Parity

Economic development increases the amount of gender equality in a society (women gain more roles in societies advances in the DTM)

HDI

looks at health, wealth, and assess to education; Higher the score, the less inequality

Periphery Countries

Countries that still heavily rely on the exportation of raw resources to DCs

Semi-periphery countries

Countries with emerging economies that are industrializing

Weber’s least cost theory

Transportation, agglomeration, and labor

What is Weber’s least cost theory used to determine

location of manufacturing plants

Bulk reducing goods

Good that gets lighter

Agglomeration

Clustering of different economic activities in a specific area

Break of bulk point

location of where goods are transferred from one mode of transportation to another (product may go from a ship to a train)

What are the urban challenges?

Gentrification, urban sprawl, racist practices (red lining), and environmental issues

What is found in the primary sector

Mining, agriculture (extracts raw goods)

Value adding produce

End product is more profitable than the raw materials

What is found in the tertiary sector

service jobs

What is found in the quaternary sector

jobs that acquire services/sharing info (research)

What is found in the quinary sector

CEO, board of trusties

What is found in the secondary sector

manufacturing (produces things)

Cottage Industries

Small scale businesses operated out of a persons home; were more common before the industrial rev but were less as factories became more common

What are the North American city models?

Concentric, sector, and multiple nuclei

What type of diffusion is fast food

Stimulus Diffusion

According to the Bid-rent Theory where were the commercials, industrial, and residential areas located?

Close to the CBD, Further from the CBD, furthest from the CBD

What are the settlement patterns

Clustered, dispersed, and linear settlements

Causes of diffusion

Trade, colonialism, technology, globalization

Ethnocentrism

Belief that ones nation is superior to others

Secular

Non-religious

Cultural Divergence

Cultures become less similar

Ethnic Enclave

An ethnic group that is district from the majority group

Syncretism

Blending of 2+ cultural influences (to form a new one)

Supranational Organizations

Organizations made up of multiple states like NATO and the UN

Interregional migration

Migration within a country

Stage 1 of the ETM

High CDR

Replacement rate

A TFR of 2.1

Maternal Mortality rate (MMR)

number of mothers who die in childbirth for every thousand births

Total Fertility Rate

Average number of children a female will have in her lifetime

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

how many babies, per thousand births, die before their first birthday

High IMR’s (Infant mortality rates) are in

Developing countries

Rate of natural increase (RNI)

annual percent growth rate of a population ((CBR-CDR)/10)

A negative RNI shows a

Shrinking pop

A high CBR and CDR is usually found in

Underdeveloped rural countries

A low CBR and CDR is usually found in

developed countries

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Rate of deaths in a year (deaths/total pop * 1000)

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

infants born in a year (live births/total pop * 1000)

What type of map projection is good for general use?

Robinson

What type of map projection makes the poles seem larger?

Mercator

Reference Maps

Show where something is in space (Political, roads, physical)

Thematic maps

Show spatial aspects of info (isoline, cartogram, dot)

Time-space compression

Because of technology, places seem more connected even though they are actually far apart

Spatial Association

Connectedness between variables over space

Disamenity Zones

Area that lacks public services, quality infrastructures, and higher concentration of poverty and crime

Devolution

Shift in power from central to regional governments in a state

Cultural Boundaries

Boundaries between cultural groups

Example of a cultural boundary

Quebec and Ontario

Ex of an antecedent boundary

US and Canada

Relic Boundaries

Boundaries that no longer exist but still impact culture

EX of a Relic Boundary

Berlin Wall

Superimposed Boundaries

Drawn by foreign powers

Example of Superimposed Boundaries

Scramble for Africa

Antecedent Boundaries

created before the area is populated with human society

Edge cities

Cities connected by a belt way outside the city limits

Inclusionary zones

Zones where local policies create incentives to create affordable housing for lower income residents

The gravity model helps us understand

the likelihood of places interacting

Squatter settlements

Part of a settlement where people don’t have a legal claim to the land

Human Geography

One of the two major divisions of geography; the spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes.

Redlining

Refusing to provide loans to certain people

De facto segregation

Segregation of people along ethnic and racial likes that are not officially enforced by law

Slow growth cities

cities trying to manage their growth to reduce sprawl

Growth Boundaries

Only allow development to happen within the boundary to reduce urban sprawl but they might lead to an increase density inside the area causing gentrification and increased rent

Smart cities

Cities that utilize tech and data to reduce inefficiencies

Smart-growth policies

Urban policies that express the use of existing infrastructure and resources to reduce sprawl

New Urbanism

Urban planning to create more walkable cities that are more sustainable to provide connections

Some ways to implement new urbanism:

Diverse housing, walkability, quality architecture

Transit-oriented development

goal is to create more compact cities through mixed used areas or pedestrian friendly communities

Municipalities

Local govs created by a state or national gov

Zoning

Gov. regulation on how land can/cannot be used (commercial, agricultural, residential, and industrial)

Range

Max distance someone will travel for a good/service

Linkages

Connections between different places (airports)