Ch 12: alcohols, thiols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones

Alcohol

>contains hydroxyl

>OH

Phenol

>contains hydroxyl group on a bezene ring

Thiol

>contains a SH group

>

Ether

>contains a COC group

IUPAC names for alcohols

>name with alkane, replace teh E with a OL

Common names for alcohol

>names with alkyl group and followed by "alcohol"

What happens if there are 2 or 3 hydroxyl groups attached to the carbon chain?

>2=diol

>3=triol

What is ethanol/ethyl alcohol and how is it formed?

>intoxicating product

>formed by fermentation of grains, sugars, starches

what is the formula for glycerol

>1,2,3-propanetriol

>contains 2 hydroxyl groups

ethylene glycol

>antifreeze in heating and cooling systems

>solvent for paints, inks, plastics

>sweet

>toxic

What smells like onion, cheese, garlic, and oysters?

>thiols

Characteristics of thiols

>contain sulfur

>SH group

>strong and disagreeable odors

>found in cheese, onions, garlic, oysters

>used to detect gas leaks

IUPAC name for thiols

>add "thiol" at end of alkane name

>number the thiol group

characteristics of Ether

>contains -o-

>bent structure like water and alcohols

Common names for ethers

>alkyl names followed by "ether"

Which group doesn't have an IUPAC name?

>ethers

Which group is an anesthetic?

>ethers

Classification of alcohols

>primary (1°) alcohol

>secondary (2°) alcohol

>tertiary (3°) alcohol

primary (1°) alcohol

>alcohol is attached to a primary carbon

secondary (2°) alcohol

>alcohol is attached to a 2ndary carbon

>Carbon is attached to 2 carbons

>tertiary (3°) alcohol

>alcohol is attached to a tertiary carbon

>carbon is attached to 3 carbons

Bond of alcohols

>hydrogen bonds

>OH attached to alkane which is dispersion

What do hand sanitizers contain?

>ethanol

Are Phenols solublee?

>slightly

Which group has a carbonyl group with 2 lone pairs on them?

>aldehydes and ketones

What is the difference between ketones and aldehydes

>ketones are attached to 2 alkyl grroups

>Aldehydes are attached to at least 1 H group

What is a carbonyl group?

>CO

What is another way to represent aldehydes?

>CHO

What is another way to represent ketones?

>CO

IUPAC name for aldehydes

>alakane name but replace the E with AL

Common names for aldehydes

>1 carbon: form

>2 carbos: acet

>3 carbons: propion

>4 carbons: butyr

IUPAC naming of ketones

>change alkane with "one"

Comon name of ketones

>name alkyl substitutents and add "ketones"

which is the simplest aldehyde?

>formaldehyde

>pungent odor to preserve biological specimens

Dehydration

>reverse of hydration

>alcohol↔ H2O + alkene

>acid catalyst

Oxidation

>lose an electron

>addition of O

>lost of H

Reduction

>gain of electron

>loss of oxygen

>gain of H

What is oxidation of Primary alcohol

>produce aldehyde

Oxidation of aldehydes

>form carboxylic acid

oxidation of secondary alcohols

>produce ketones

oxidation of tertiary alcohols

>no product

another name for methanol

>methyl alcohol

>in windshield washer fluid, sterno, paint strippers

>oxidation→formaldehyde→formic acid

Oxidations of thiols

>forms a disulfide

How is disculfied in life?

>determines curliness of hair

ethanol

>acts as depressant, kills/disables omre ppl than any other drug

>alcoholism?

Benedict's test

>benedicts reagent contains Cu²⁺ to react with aldehydes

>CuSO4 added to aldehyde and heated

>negative test: simple aldehydes and ketones (blue)

>positive: forms brick red solids

Reduction of aldehydes

>forms primary alcohols

Reduction of ketones

>forms 2ndary alcohols