Study Guide Exam 1

What is the definition of anatomy?

Structure of the body

What is the definition of physiology?

Function of the body

How does the anatomy of the heart differ from its physiology?

Anatomy refers to its structure; physiology refers to its function.

What is the smallest level of structural organization?

Atoms

What is the correct order of structural organization from smallest to largest?

Atoms → Molecules → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism

If muscle cells are part of muscle tissue, what is the next level of organization?

Heart

What are the characteristics necessary for life?

Maintain boundaries, move, respond, digest, metabolize, excrete, grow & reproduce

What is negative feedback in homeostasis?

Balances the body, like sweating to cool down.

What is positive feedback in homeostasis?

Amplifies a process, like blood clotting.

What are the main body cavities?

Cranial, Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic

How do body regions help locate organs?

They indicate pain areas, like belly pain in lower right quadrant.

What is the plasma membrane's function?

Controls what goes in/out of the cell.

What are the key proteins in the plasma membrane?

Receptors, transport proteins, anchoring proteins.

What do tight junctions do?

Prevent leaks.

What do desmosomes do?

Hold cells together.

What do gap junctions allow?

Communication between cells.

What is diffusion?

Movement from high to low concentration without energy.

What is osmosis?

Water moving to balance concentrations.

What is active transport?

Moves substances against concentration using energy.

What are carrier proteins?

Channels, pumps, and transporters for molecules.

What are the steps for tissue preparation and sectioning for microscopy?

Fixing (preserving), Embedding (supporting tissue), Sectioning (slicing thinly), Staining (enhancing contrast).

What is a challenge in tissue sectioning?

Hard to slice curved/hollow structures evenly.

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

Covers & lines organs, tightly packed, avascular.

What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelia?

Simple has one layer; stratified has multiple layers.

What are the shapes of epithelial cells?

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar.