Anatomy Block 1

Anterior (Ventral)

towards the front of the body

Posterior (Dorsal)

towards the back of the body

Superior (Cranial)

nearer to the head

Inferior (Craudial)

nearer to the feet

Medial

toward the body’s midline

Lateral

away from the body’s midline

Proximal

nearer to the point of origin (organ) or attachment (limb)

Distal

further from the point of origin (organ) or attachment (limb)

Superficial (External)

nearer the surface

Deep (Internal)

away from the surface

Ipsilateral

on the same side

Contralateral

on the opposite side

Unilateral

on one side

Bilateral

on both sides

Abduction

moves the bone away from the midline, increasing the angle

Adduction

moves the bone toward the midline, decreasing the angle

Flexion

decreases the angle between the participating bones

Extension

increases the angle between the participating bones

Rotation

turning a bone around its long axis

Medial rotation

turning toward the body’s midline

Lateral rotation

turning away from the body’s midline

Longus

Long

Brevis

Short

Maximus

Biggest

Minimus

Smallest

Nigra

Black

Alba

White

Rectus

Straight

Obliquus

Oblique

Histology

Microscopic anatomy; the study of small structures that can only be seen with a microscope

Gross anatomy

The study of large structures that can be seen with the naked eye

Regional anatomy

Studying all the structures in an area of the body

Systemic anatomy

Studying a complete system independent of region

Developmental anatomy

study of the structural changes that occur in the body over the course of a lifetime

Neuroanatomy

study of the nervous system

Pathological anatomy

structural changes caused by disease

Anterior-posterior axis

Axis going from front to back of body

Transverse axis

Axis across the body from left to right

Longitudinal axis

Axis straight up and down the middle of the body

(Mid) Sagittal plane

Plane down the middle of the body

Parasagittal plane

Plane down the body but not down the middle

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Separates body into front and back

Dorsal Body Cavity includes the

Cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

Cranial cavity holds the

brain

Vertebral cavity holds the

Spinal cord

Ventral body cavity holds two main cavities:

Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

Thoracic cavity contains

Pleural cavities (lungs), mediastinum, pericardial cavity (heart)

Abdominopelvic cavity contains

Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

What does the thoracic diaphragm divide?

The thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

The nervous system contains 2 main types of cells:

Neurons (nerve cells) and Neuroglia

Neurons

the structural and functional units of the nervous system

Neurons are composed of

A cell body (soma) and one or more processes (fibers; dendrites and axons)

Dendrites

carry impulses to (afferent) the cell body

Axons

carry impulses away (efferent) from the cell body

Neuroglia

support, insulate, and nourish neurons (provide nutrients)

The nervous system is comprised of what 2 basic parts?

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Control center of the body, contains the brain and spinal cord

Nuclei

groups of nerve cell-bodies inside the CNS

Ganglia

clusters of nerve cell-bodies outside the CNS

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Carries messages to and from the CNS

The peripheral nervous system can be broken into the

Somatic and Visceral (autonomic) nervous systems

Somatic Nervous System

is conscious, controls muscles, skin, the physical body (single motor neuron)

Visceral Nervous System (Autonomic Nervous System, ANS)

unconscious, pertains to the organs, blood vessels, and glands (two motor neuron system)

Motor is

efferent

Sensory is

afferent

Autonomic Nervous system is divided into

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division

energy expending, systemic (fight or flight)

Parasympathetic (craniosacral) division

homeostatic, energy conserving, localized (resting and digesting)

Visceral afferent fibers (GVA) serve what purpose?

Accompany motor fibers of the ANS

Visceral reflexes

Accompany parasympathetic fibers, regulate blood pressure, alter heart and respiratory rates and vascular resistance

Visceral pain

Accompany sympathetic fibers, hunger, fullness, nausea, cramps, etc.

CNS tissue is composed of

Gray and white matter

Gray matter

nerve cell bodies (nuclei)

White matter

bundles of axons (tracts)

PNS tissue is composed of

Ganglia (nerve cell bodies) and nerves (bundles of axons)

Peripheral nerves consist of

Cranial and spinal nerves

Cranial nerves

12 pairs, arise from the brain, exit the cranium through foramina, can be pure sensory, pure motor, or both, designated by name or Roman numeral

Spinal nerves

31 pairs, arise from the spinal cord, exit the vertebral column through intervertebral foramina, all are mixed (motor and sensory), designated by letter and number of segment

Nerve plexuses

Parts of adjacent spinal nerves converge to form peripheral nerve plexuses, containing fibers from multiple spinal cord segments

What are the 4 nerve plexuses?

Cervical plexus (C1-C4), Brachial plexus (C5-T1), Lumbar plexus (L1-L4), and LumboSacral plexus (L5-S4)

Myotomes

a group of muscles that are supplied by the same spinal cord segments

Dermatomes

the distribution of sensory innervation to the skin is segmental, used to identify regions of spinal cord injury

What are the 4 tissue types?

Epithelia, Connective tissue, Muscle, and Nervous

Epithelia

sheet of cells that interfaces between two different environments