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What are complex emotions?
Combinations of basic emotions that may be socially or culturally learned, requires cognitive processing.
What are basic emotions?
Has unique characteristics developed through evolution. They are reflected in facial expressions which are relatively automatically generated (fear, sadness, happiness, anger, disgust, surprise).
What is the amygdala?
Two small structures in the medial temporal lobe on the end of the hippocampus, it is bilaterally embedded — the amygdala sits at the ‘front’ of the hippocampus.
What is the fear conditioning paradigm?
CS + US = CR
What did Quirk et al. (1995) find?
Patterns of firing during fear conditioning in lateral amygdala cells
What is the role of the amygdala?
The amygdala plays a role in fear. Lesions to the amygdala block fear learning.
What happens to rats with lesions to the amygdala?
Rats with lesions to the amygdala do not learn to associate noise (CS) with shock (US) to produce a fear response (CR).
What did Feinstein et al. (2013) find?
They studied patients with bilateral amygdala lesions due to Urbach-Wiethe disease. Participants inhaled CO2 (inducing fear). All three lesion patients had panic attacks. Suggests amygdala may not be necessary for the conscious experience of fear.
What did Bechara et al. (1995) find?
Studied 3 patients: one with an amygdala lesion, one with a hippocampal lesion, one with damage to both structures
Found a double dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocampus
Amygdala is necessary for implicit learning of threat
Generating response for threatening stimulus and learning associations
What is the LeDoux Two Emotion System (TES)?
Describes the different ways the brain responds to emotional stimuli
Quickly, automatically or slowly, more deliberatively
We have a ‘high road’ and ‘low road’ of processing
Note 
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