Understanding Cell Division and Chromosomes

These flashcards cover key concepts related to cell division, the structure and function of chromosomes, and the regulation of the cell cycle.

What distinguishes living things from non-living matter?

The ability to reproduce, i.e. produce more life.

What is cell division?

The process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.

What is heredity?

The transmission of genetic material from parents to offspring.

What is the function of cell division in multicellular organisms?

Cell division is critical for embryonic development, growth, and tissue repair.

Where is the DNA located in eukaryotic cells?

In the nucleus.

What do chromosomes consist of?

DNA molecules packaged with proteins.

What are sister chromatids?

Identical copies of a chromosome joined together at the centromere after DNA replication.

What are homologous chromosomes?

Pairs of chromosomes that have the same genes in the same order but may contain different versions.

What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells?

Diploid cells have two versions of each chromosome, while haploid cells have one version.

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

Interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitotic (M) phase (mitosis and cytokinesis).

What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?

DNA is synthesized and replicated.

What is the role of cyclins in the cell cycle?

Cyclins regulate the timing of the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks).

What mechanisms do cells have to ensure proper division?

The cell cycle includes checkpoints to monitor DNA damage and the correct alignment of chromosomes.