AP World Ch. 7 The Globalization of Christianity, Protestant Reformation, Enlightenment, Religions of the East

Where was Christianity largely limited to in the early modern era?

Europe

How was the Christian world divided internally?

between the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church

What threatened the Christian world externally?

Muslims and the religion of Islam who had seized Constantinople and thrown out the Christian crusaders (The Muslim siege of Vienna marked the advance of Muslims into Central Europe)

What shattered the unity of the Catholic Church?

The Protestant Reformation in 1517

What was the Protestant Reformation?

-begun by German priest Martin Luther

-issued a document called the 95 Theses

>document was critical of the Catholic Churches abuses of power, luxurious life style of popes and priests, corruption, immorality of clergy and the selling of indulgences (removed the penalties of sin)

Why were Martin Luther's ideas so revolutionary?

-he believed the salvation came through faith alone: that neither the good works of a sinner or the sacraments of the church had any influence over the destiny of a persons soul

Where did the source of these beliefs come from for Martin Luther?

-The Bible only, NOT religious authority

-he challenged religious authority and called into question the special position that the pope and clergy held

What happened because of Luther's new ideas?

-a massive schism within Catholic Christendom that created differences not only religiously but also politically, economically, and socially

How did rulers and kings view Luther's reformation?

-they found the opportunity to become independent of the church's and popes authority

-gained land and taxes that were previously held by the church

What did the Reformation do socially for the classes?

-gave middle class urban people legitimacy as Catholicism was associated with priviliedged, rural and feudal societies

-the new religion helped them express their opposition to that social order

-they were encouraged to learn to read and interpret the Bible for themselves

How did the Reformation affect women's roles in society?

-attracted many women but changed their role very little

-opposition to celibacy closed monasteries and convents so no place for women to go

How did the Reformation affect literacy?

-positively: many people learned to read because the source of reformation belief came from the Bible and was interpreted by each individual NOT the church

How did the Protestantism spread?

-invention of the printing press

-Luther's pamphlet was printed and distributed all over Europe

-He translated the NT into German so easier to read by the lower classes than Latin (Latin was for the educated upper classes)

What happened to Protestantism as it evolved and spread?

-fractured/splintered into a variety of churches and denominations

What was the culmination of religious conflict in Europe at the time?

The Thirty Years War: 1618-1648

>destructive, violent war

>ended with The Peace at Westphalia which allowed each state to independently control religious affairs in their territory

What was the Catholic Church's answer to the Protestant Reformation?

They came up with their own reform called the Counter-Reformation at the Council of Trent (1545-1563)

>clarified and defined the authority of the pope, priests and clergy

>celibacy

>veneration of saints and relics

>importance of church traditions

>good works

> corrected abuses and corruption

>censorship of books, fines, exile and penitence

-gave rise to new religious orders like the Jesuits who were committed to the renewal of the Catholic Church

Why were missionary efforts to spread Christianity in China than less successful than in Spanish America?

China's political independence and cultural integrity were not threatened as they were already a strong, wealthy and confident state

What missionary group tried to convert the Chinese?

The Jesuits

Knowing the Chinese may not convert, how did the Jesuits go about spreading Christianity?

-they appealed to the Chinese elite as they had more influence over the masses

-learned Chinese

-presented themselves as scholars, men of science

-brought with them mapmaking, geography and other tech

-pointed out similarities between Christianity and Confucianism

-appointed to head the Chinese Bureau of Astronomy

Why did Christianity fail in China?

-it offered Litle the Chinese didn't already have or wanted

-it was an "all or nothing" religion and required Chinese to abandon their culture

-pope tried to claim authority which the Emperor did not like so expelled all missionaries

How was Christianity viewed by most Chinese elite ?

-a superstitious and supernatural religion that appealed to the uneducated masses

-communion seen as cannibalism

-saw what was happening with the Spanish in the Philippines and Indian Ocean and did not want to be a part of it

Christianity in the Americas

Missionaries quickly followed European explorers to the New World.

• Missionary activities, supported by the crown, were carried out by Franciscans, Dominicans, and Jesuits.

• Natives, who already had well-established religious traditions, were often resistant to conversion; missionaries sought to learn the language of the indigenous peoples.

• It was not uncommon for natives to blend elements of their traditional beliefs with the new ideas introduced by the missionaries (syncretic beliefs emerged).

• In modern times, the majority of South Americans are Roman Catholics.

Sikhism

Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. Blended practices of both Islam and Hinduism

Beliefs of Sikhism

-Belief in the "Unity of God"

-Belief in reincarnation

-Rejection of caste

Wahhabi Movement

Islamic Reform movement that called for a Return to the purity and simplicity of Muhammad's teaching

Bhakti

Hindu devotional movement that flourished in the early modern era, emphasizing music, dance, poetry, and rituals as means by which to achieve direct union with the divine, deemphasized the caste system

Kaozheng Movement

intellectual movement in China that emphasized stating facts are needed to support truth, the Chinese equivalent to the Scientific Revolution

Olympe de Gouges

A proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She lost her life to the guillotine due to her revolutionary ideas.

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

social contract, general will: people are naturally good but can become corrupt and therefore may need be restricted to ensure the safety and well being for the majority

Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Voltaire

French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations

Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics. (capitalism)

Copernicus

Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution.

95 Theses of Martin Luther

95 rejections of practices of the catholic church; "Only through faith"

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.