science 1206 final exam

Chemical reaction

A process where substances change into new substances with different properties.

Four main types of chemical reactions

Synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, and double replacement.

Law of Conservation of Matter

Matter cannot be created or destroyed; mass is conserved in a chemical reaction.

Balancing chemical equations

To follow the Law of Conservation of Matter — same number of each atom on both sides.

WHMIS symbols

Hazards of chemicals (e.g., flammable, toxic, corrosive).

Significant figures

Digits that carry meaning in a measurement, showing its precision.

Scientific notation

A way to write very large or small numbers using powers of 10 (e.g., 3.2 × 10⁵).

Formula for speed

Speed = Distance ÷ Time

Instantaneous speed

Speed at a specific moment.

Average speed

Speed over a time interval.

Acceleration

The rate of change of speed or velocity over time.

Formula for acceleration

Acceleration = (Final speed - Initial speed) ÷ Time

Sustainable ecosystem

An ecosystem that can support life over the long term without degrading.

Ecosystem

A community of organisms interacting with each other and their environment.

Sustainability

Using resources in a way that does not deplete them for future generations.

Biotic factors

Living things.

Abiotic factors

Non-living things like water, soil, temperature.

Threats to sustainability

Pollution, habitat loss, climate change, overuse of resources.

Population

A group of the same species living in a specific area.

Exponential growth

Rapid population increase where the rate of growth keeps getting faster.

Limiting factors

Factors that control how big a population can grow (e.g., food, water, space).

Carrying capacity

The largest population an environment can support without damage.

Sustainable use

Using resources at a rate that doesn't deplete them.

Carbon cycle

The movement of carbon through the environment — in the air, organisms, and Earth.

Ecological footprint

A measure of how much nature a person uses compared to what the Earth can renew.

Formation

1) A+B->AB

Decomposition

AB->A+B

Single Replacement

AB + C --> AC + B

Synthesis

A+B-->AB

Combustion

CxHy(O2) + O2 --> CO2 + H2O

Double Replacement

AB + CD = AD + BC

Formation A+B->AB

Two (or more) chemicals come together to form a single product

Decomposition AB->A+B

A single reactant breaks apart into multiple chemicals

Single Replacement AB+C->AC+B

An element (or polyatomic) is swapped out of a compound

Synthesis A+B->AB

A compound is made from simpler materials

Combustion

A compound containing carbon and hydrogen (and sometimes oxygen) combines with oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide and water

Double Replacement AB+CD->AD+BC

The positive and negative ions in two compounds switch places