Anthro 2A Final

Imperialism

can work through different ways: ie: United States

Colonialism

you send your people to be the government of subjugated people

Late 15th Century: Western and Northern Europe

Three waves of European Imperialism

“Discovery of the New World”

1) Spain, Portugal

2)United Provinces of the Netherlands, Great Britain, France

3)Imperialism: similar to that of former empires

Early Industrial Capitalism: New Economic Demands

Raw materials like cotton (can’t grow in Europe)

Markets that will buy your products

Late 19th and early 20th centuries

Other nations Industrialize; colonization; Japan

Profit from Colonies: Direct Settlement of Overseas Territory

Penal Colonies

Profit from Colonies: Develop Resources Extractions

Mining; Plantations growing cash crops

Profit from Colonies: Make use of labor of Local People

1. Direct Coercion: The slave trade; CONSCRIPTION: order of the community to work on specific project for a specific duration of time

2. Taxes: paid in currency of the colonial power; take away people’s land; work on land for low wages

British Colonial Administration of Kenya

-took like 70% of farming land

-No choice but to work on property of European farmers

Impacts of Colonialism upon the Colonized: Depopulation

Disease: Small Pox, Measles, Influenza

Example: Native Americans: 50 to 5 million people in 200 years; frop of 90% people

Impacts of Colonialism upon the Colonized: Wars of Conquest and Subjugation

Herero in German S.W. Africa

Herero revolt in 1904

1500 German Troops Sent to retake the Colony

Impacts of Colonialism upon the Colonized: Genocide

Genocide of Native Americans in California

The Frontier- European Manifest Destiny

Native American Genocide

Domesticate wild west through roads, farming

Leads to dehumanization

California hired bounty hunters to terminate Native Americans and get paid for head

Dispossession of Land: Land Seizure

Indian Removal Act of 1830; Trail of Tears

Indirect Means of Taking Land: Changing local systems of Land Tenure

Communal vs. Privatized

Cannot sell land that belongs to lineage

Commodified Land - can be sold into market

Kingdom of Hawaii: the Mehele of 1848 (land re-distribution act)

Transformed chiefdom into kingdom

Plantation owners looking into land for plantations

Abusive Forms of Labor Control

1. Rubber Production in Congo

2. Automobile and Rubber Room

3. Produce rubber at Whatever means necessary…

4. Mutilation: holding families hostage

Environmental Degredation

1. Short sighted Initiatiives of Colonial Administrations

2. Nauru- Phosphate Mining

Undermining Local Cultural Traditions

1. Only speaking colonizer language

2. Ban traditions and cultures

Anthropology

Anthropological Theory emerges in context of colonialism

Deconstruction

1. Scientists are products of their culture and context

2. Scientists are also producing knowledge and idea

Scientific Racism

Dehumanization: failure to qualify for human rights

Social Evolutionism

1. Social Darwinism

2. Unilinear Evolution

   1. Societies stuck in process of unilinear evolution; white man’s burden

3. Ethnography - a power relation over other people when conduct ethnography

World Capitalist System

Global systems of relations and exchange and production, in which capitalist relations and production exchange dominate other forms of production exchange.

Three Tiers of Position: Core

1. Industrialized nations-higher standards of living

2. Economies are capital intensive

3. Diversified economies - help with stability

4. Eg today: Northern hemisphere - first world countries

5. Old colonial powers

Three Tiers of Position: Semi-Periphery

1. nations that are industrialized

2. still don’t have forms of living of the core countries

3. ie: Mexico, Brazil, India

Three Tiers of Position: Periphery

1. Nations that have little industrialization

2. Low standards of living - high poverty

3. Less influence in global political

4. Non diverse economy

5. Used to export raw materials and import manufactured goods

6. African countries

Globality

Living in a world of Global interlinkages (economic, social, political, cultural)

Globality: The Nation-State

1. International Trade Agreements, Environmental Pacts

2. European Union

3. NGOs

4. Multinational Corporations

Globality: Imaginaries and Imagination

Imaginaries: Set of things of what people are like: messages from TV or class. Any message that we pull and form our own imaginations

We can imagine where we fit in the whole wide world

Features of Capitalism

Totalizing

Form of misrepresentation; I have to represent a complex social order. Represent the part of a complex while as just one part. In that way I am representing the order

Spirits of Resistance (Aiwa Ong): Malaysia

1. Former British Colony

2. Now independent nation

3. Industrialization: 2020 program to be fully industrialized through foreign investment (technology) →led to women being industrial workers

Recent Changes in Global Economy: Routinization of Production

1. Automation

2. Taylorist Management Technique

3. Don’t need skilled labor

Recent Changes in Global Economy: Poverty in 3rd world

People will work for low wages

Recent Changes in Global Economy: Competition among 3rd World Nations for investment

1. Give better deals to 1st world MNCs for investment

2. Free Trade Zones (FTZs) a specific district where labor laws are not applicable

Creating a Capitalist Work Force in Malaysia

1. Free Trade Zones

2. Multinational Electronic Corporations

3. Hire women from surrounding villages

Proletarianization

1. turn to working group

2. You have to create capitalist working class

3. Discipline to turn village women into efficient industrial workers “capitalist discipline”

Interpreting Spirit Possession

Aiwa Ong takes holistic approach to spirit possession which is a practice. Village life and the effect of young single women working for wages on pre-exisiting patterns of male authority

Village, Family Life, and Gender

1. Kampung Life: Adat, Muslim/Islam

2. Authority rests with Father

3. Strong connection with mother and children

Malay Villager Gender Constructions: Men

spiritually strong, powerful will, put aside feelings to make decisions, rational decision making

Malay Villager Gender Constructions: Women

weaker will power; harder to resist emotions and feelings

Gender Symbolism and Hierarchy of Authority

1. Men should have authority

2. Men weakness is sexual temptation with women

3. Women are threat to man

4. Women MUST be controlled

Spiritual Vulnerability and Stage’s of Woman’s Life: Youth - Virgins

Weakest state: most spiritually vulnerable

Under authority of father

Stay in Village: father’s authority and little direct supervision

Spiritual Vulnerability and Stage’s of Woman’s Life: Sexually Mature Woman

1. Stronger spiritually

2. Greatest threat to males

3. Married women: Under husband authority and self-disciplining

Divorce or Widowed Woman (janda)

• dangerous of all

• Not under male authority

• janda lies outside Villager category

Spiritual Vulnerability and Stage’s of Woman’s Life: Elderly Woman

1. No longer threat to men

2. Spiritually strong

3. Less subject to discipline

4. Respected in village

Time in Village (a cultural construct)

1. “Time is passed, not spent”

2. No rigid schedule

3. Time flows with rhythm of prayers, chores, activities

4. Socializing and work are daily seamless

Time in the Factory

1. Clock regulates day

2. “Time is money”

3. Changing schedules

4. “Fractured day”

Boys and Girls in Village Schools

• Elementary Schools: girls have greater academic success

• Secondary Schools: boys have greater academic success (girls are given greater chores)

Expectations for Sons and Daughters

Sons: can land well paid govt. jobs

Daughters:

• in recent past - marry and start families

• Factory employment

• Young working outside village and earning wages

Changes at Home and in the village

• working daughters bring income

• brothers control purse

• Matriliny - parents decide how to spend money

Microchip Assembly- Young Females: Economic Advantages

1. Low wages/labor costs

2. Avoid costs associated with detriated eye sight from telescopes

Capitalist Discipline in the Factory: Power

1. Michel Foucault - a power the shapes; power here is more like the nuclear energy. An energy source operating through technology to make things happen

Capitalist Discipline in the Factory: Surveillance

1. Creates idea of being watched

2. Form of power

3. Supervisors

4. two-way mirrors

5. ALWAYS WATCHING (male)

Capitalist Discipline in the Factory: Tyranny of the Clock

1. Apparatus through which capitalist system works

2. Regulation through inanimate device

Capitalist Discipline in the Factory: Responses to Stress

1. Crying

2. “Accidents”

3. Requests to go to restroom or prayer hall

4. Spirit Possession

Biopolitics in the 3rd World “Development” : Political

• a system of govt. among different groups in society

Race, Gender, and Biological Determinism in Multinational Microchip Assembly

plants

Oriental Female Body: a cultural construction

Corporations SELL this image of East Asian Women

Gender Imagery and Malaysian Public Opinion

Women factory workers perceived negatively

• Moral collapse

• Too bebas (free and unrestricted by custom) Women have taken it too far working in the factories

Worker Response to the negative public opinion

• become hyper-islamic

• self regulating

• Spiritually weak and subject to possession

Hegemony (social condition)

state of affairs in which power relations are accepted as natural (legitimate)

Hegemonic Discourse

a message about what is true; a message from God

Spirit Possession

1. Culturally appropriate way for powerless women in dangerous social space to express resistance

2. NO plotting

3. Challenging hegemonic discourse and same time reproducing it

4. If resistance, spirit possession is a WEAK form of resistance