ANSC 1319 Exam 2

I made this flashcard for our Exam 2 on Monday, Nov 4th. If you have Dr. Anderson for class, it should be super helpful!

animal growth

increase in body size; muscle, fat, bones

Hyperplasia

increase in cell number

Hypertrophy

increase in cell size

Anabolism

BUILDUP of body tissues

Catabolism

BREAKDOWN of body tissues

chronological growth

increase in tissue size associate with age

Physiological growth

increase in tissue size associated with maturity

Growth measurement

- Measuring growth
- we measure growth for slaughter and breeding
- objective: can do with objective- Yuler grid scale, which provides a precise way to measure size
- subjective: done by a person - structure proper movement

Objective measurement

animal weight, loin eye area, and backfat thickness

Subjective measurement

visual appraisal

ADG( average daily gain)

measures growth rate
(weight2 - weight1) / (time2- time1)

WDA ( weight per day of age)

- Weight / age in days
- Poultry for standard market weigh 4.7-4.9lbs in 52d
- swine record as days 230lbs or ADG
- cattle use weight at 205d of age

growth curve

Relatively slow from conception to birth
Rapid from birth to after puberty
Slows as animal approaches maturity

growth curve phases

prenatal- prior to birth
Ovum- fertilization to attachment to the uterine wall
Embryonic- 25-45 days depending on species, cell differentiation, little growth (hyperplasia)- cell type
Fetus- 60-70% of BFW occurs here (hyperplasia and hypertrophy) - cell size

Preweaning

Birth to weaning.
Growth Dependent upon:
Mothers milk production
Genetic potential
supplement nutrition

Post Weaning

Weaning to maturity/ slaughter.
Puberty- resources available
Rapid growth early, followed by slowing and fattening ad they reach maturity

what happens to growth if an animal fattens to early

will not attain their full postweaning potential. Early fattening can prevent max development of skeleton and muscle tissues

post weaning gain is dependent upon

genetic potential
Sex
previous nutrition
environment
nutrition

Hormones

• chemical messenger controlling growth and development.

• Hormones are secreted from endocrine glands

Somatotropin

-Growth hormone produced by anterior pituitary
-Regulates bone and muscle development, milk production.
-can increase protein deposition by 30% and decrease fat deposition by 45%

BST(Bovine Somatotropin Hormone)

Increase milk production in dairy cows

PST(Porcine Somatotropin)

produces more protein and less fat

Thyroxine

thyroid: regulate metabolism
-Secreted by the thyroid gland around the throat
-Regulates metabolism which controls protein synthesis therefore lean tissues and animal body weight.
-Requires iodine w/o it the animal losses weight and muscle and bone growth are impaired.

Androgens

-Responsible for male secondary sex characteristics
-Also have dramatic effect on bone and muscle growth in both sexes.
-Testosterone is the major androgen that is produced in the testis of males, adrenal glands of females and males.
-Puberty marks increased growth rate
-Males have a more rapid growth rate than females because the testes produce more androgens than the adrenal do in females

Estrogen

-Secreted by the ovaries
-Development of reproductive tract in females
-Tend to increase fat deposition
-Responsible for female secondary sex chararacteristics

Glucocorticoids

-produced by adrenals
-used for nutrient utilization and energy release
-if glucocorticoids are not present, animal tend to suffer from severe weight loss

Factors influencing growth

-Genetic Potential
-mothers milking ability
-sex
-nutrition
-antibiotics/probiotics

Ionophores

-across lipid membrane
-Rumensin, Bovatec, Monensin
-Act as antibiotics to certain bacteria in the rumen.

MGA- Melengestrol acetate

-birth control for heifers
-Fed to heifers in feedlots

Anabolic growth implants

-Repartioning agents (more protein, less fat)
-Ralgro, synovex, revalor, finaplix

factors influencing growth

-physical environment/housing: shelter, flooring, animals per pen, sound, climate.
-compensatory gain: very rapid growth- occurs when animals go from an energy-deficit to an energy-rich diet
- if deficit occurs after about 7 mo of age in cattle, can catch up quickly, but prior to 7 mo, effects are long lasting.

Consumer Attributes

-consumption of red meat has declined
-traditionally family has changed
-less than 30 min on meal prep
-dislike "leftovers"

Quality grading

expected palatability.
-the palatability indicating characteristics of the lean is referred to as the quality grades

Yield grading

how much meat
system developed to estimate the yield of closely-trimmed boneless, retail cuts that can be obtained from the round, Iion, rib, and chuck.

4 grades for carcass

USDA prime- highest marbling
USDA choice
USDA select
USDA standard- least marbling

USDA 1

52.3% or more BEST
most muscular leaneast

USDA 2

52.3-50.0%

USDA 3

50.0-47.7%

USDA 4

47.7-45.4%

USDA 5

45.4% or less HORRIBLE
Fastest light muscled

Pork Grading

first evaluate quality
-acceptable
-unacceptable
Secondary evaluate yield
-US No. 1,2,3,4
-muscle score
-last rib fat thickness
PSE- unaide to hold water, thickness not thick enough

Aging

Dry aging occurs while the beef is hanging in a refrigerated cooler
10-28 days after harvest and prior cutting
moisture evaporates from the muscle creating a greater concentration of beefy flavor.
Natural enzymes break down proteins and therefore tenderize the meat

Niche marketing

Differentiating the product for a segment of the buying public
-unsatisfied with conventional supplies
-consumer willing to pay a premium
-grass fed
-locally raised
-Hormone free
-organic
-All natural

geographic concentration

-largest concentration of cattle and lamb feeding in on the great plains and western corn belt
-desirable climate (dry and low humidity)
-proximity to grain supply
-sparse population and more open space

feeder cattle efficiency

-as cattle begin to fatten, rate of gain decrease, feed efficiency gets poorer

feeder cattle

southern region supplies about 50% of all beef feeders
breeds have changed dramatically over the past several decades.

Meat Breeds

Greater yield

Large frame

lean muscle tissue

improved feed efficiency

MEAT PRODUCTION

Dairy/ prolific Breeds

bred for
-milking ability
-mothering ability
-weigh of calf at weaning
-made of milk
weaning- coming off milk

feeder lambs

Sheep are generally divided into 3 groups
-mutton type
- wool type
-prolific type

mutton type

bred for
-Fast growth
-lean muscle tissue
large frames
hamp and sufflock

wool type

bred for
-wool quantity or quality
-staple length
-fineness
-yield
-ramboulet

prolific breeds

bred for
-increased number of offsprings
-mothering ability
-milking ability

feeder pig

-born weighing 3-5lbs
-weaned at three weeks
-slaughter weight= 230-250 lb
- many operations are farrow to finish
-large increase inn vertical integration of swine rasing

farrowing

High capital cost
high labor requirements

finishing

lower investment cost
lower labor
lower margins
higher volume required

Maternal breeds

Number of piglets
mothering ability
milking ability

terminal breeds

bred for
-leanness
-muscle mass
-growth rate
-feed efficiency

genotype

genetic make up of an animal

phenotype

characteristics that an animal shows
genetic and the environment together

crossbreading

mating animals of different breeds
get good genes

why we crossbreed

dominance helps production, the good gene is most likely to be dominant

Bulls effects of animal sex

gain at high rates
high percentage of lean
high feed efficiency
more aggressive
slaughter prior to 15 mo
-higher testosterone- gain quicker more feed

cows effects on animals

only class of beef animal that increases in price per lb as the weight goes up
fed primarily for the ground beef market
decrease palatability

steer effect of animal sex

grain at high rates
fatten (palatable meat)
marketable
purchase steers that are well muscled, not overly fat, large frammed, youthful

Genetic/ Environmental Interaction

Genotype + Environment = phenotype
Think of the genotype as a genetic potential
Phenotype is actual results

To maximize or optimize animal performance

-Modify the environment
-Reduced heat/cold
-Alter air movement
-Affect radiation

Animals body temp

Horses- 100.0f
cow- 101.5
pig- 102.5
sheep- 102.5
poultry 106.0

heat loss and production

Constant body temperature= heat produced + received - lost

Heat increases from last

Metabolism, muscle, activity, exercise, solar radiation, etc

Radiation

transmitted of energy inform of issue

conduction (touching)

losing heat through touching

convection (flow/wind)

transfer heat to water taken by wind

Thermoneutral zone

comfort zone
temperature at which an animal can produce at its maximum

different for each individual animal

brahman are more tolerant of heat stress than british breeds
british and continental breeds are more tolerant of colder temps
energy intake increases or decreases as temp is altered

Thyroid gland and temperature acclimation in animals

thyroxine levels increase in cold temps to increase metabolic rate, and make us feel warmer.
thyroxine levels decrease in hot weather to cool us

controlling heat stress

most cattle in the world are raised in the warmer climates
more parasites and diseases carried by parasites
foragers lower in protein and energy
In cattle, temperature above 85 degrees are usually considered stressful

shade

simple and effective
can reduce temperature by 10 degrees to 15 degrees
can reduced radiant and reflective energy up to 50%

Evaporation cooling

more effective in arid climates

helpful in humid climates

every 20 degrees increase in temp= doubling of water holding capacity in air.

need to wet the skin, not moisten the hair.

sprinklers are better than forages in livestock with hair/wool/feathers.

refrigerated cooling/air conditioning

expensive
cooling needs to be accompanied by reducing the humidity level.
cool air only on the head of a sow.

feed and water

-cool vs warm water: under heat stress with cooler weather.
-feed with high fiber generates more heat during the digestion process
-food intake increases with cold weather
-water intake increases with hot weather

controlling cold weather: largest concern for

swine
poultry
all young animals
breeds not adapted to cold climates

ventilation

-essential for confined livestock
-high humidity
-ammonia build up in houses

waste management

-all animals in confinement create manure concentration problems
proper flooring
manure management plans
environmentally safe and sound handling procedures

Keeping animals healthy

- lack of disease pressures
-absence of internal and external parasites (worms, lice, flies, etc.)
-adequate feed and water
-clean, comfortable surroundings

Unhealthy animals

-perform poorly
- lethargic
- dull eyes
- droopy ears
- separate themselves from the heard
- rough hair coat

injuries

injuries and be caused by other animals
by fences, facilities, weather

predators

coyotes and dogs. and others

Nutritional deficiencies causes

-low levels of nutrients

-prepared rations low in a key nutrient- Lysen in horses

-impaired absorption of a nutrient- calcium phosphate

-incomplete or blocked metabolism of a nutrient in the body cells.

-abnormal requirement for a nutrient

-failure of the animal to synthesize a nutrient

Vitamin A

primarily cattle and sheep- weak calves at birth

Vitamin D

all species-rickets, joint disease, osteomalacia

Phosphorus

all species- pica, poor growth, infertility
tend to eat weird things

Zinc

primarly swine- parakeratosis- has dry skin
dandruff

Manganese

primarily cattle- infertility

Metabolic disorders

the blockage of a metabolic pathway may cause a deficiency at the body cell, even though the ration is entirely adequate.

common metabolic disorders horse

-lactation tetany of mares- calcium deficiency: causes involuntary muscle contraction or seizures
-azoturia- sudden increase in muscular work or high carb diet: no blood flow with increased glycogen causes acid buildup

common metabolic disorder cattle

rumen acidosis- abrupt increase in ingestion of highly fermentable carbs
fat cow syndrome- excessive conditioning, especially during dry period

common metabolic disorder swine

Hypoglycemia- postpartum deprivation of milk
PSS (porcine stress syndrome)- heritable trait

common metabolic disorder sheep

pregnancy toxemia (ketosis)- impaired metabolism of carbs or advanced pregnancy stress
-energy comes from burning ketones bodies
-causes breath to smell of acetone (finger nail polish remover)

Toxin

a harmful chemical of animal or bacterial origin

Toxemia

an illness or malady caused by a toxin