BIO 2325 Midterm #2: University of Utah

Subvertebral Muscle: Longus Coli

Flexes vertebral column; on cervical vertebrae; innervated by cervical ventral rami

Collateral Circulation

Used to feed the muscle if there is a blockage.

What nerve carries parasympathetic neurons to the thoracic viscera?

Vagus nerve; runs from the cranial cavity, through the aorta, and down towards the gut tubes.

Ventral Muscle: Rectus Abdominus

Flexion of lumbar vertebral column; front of abdomen; innervated by intercostal nerve and subcostal nerve.

Later Middle Muscle: Internal Oblique

Flexion and rotation of the ipsilateral side; side of abdomen; innervated by subcostal, intercostal, iliohypogastric, and illiolinguinal nerves.

Lateral Outermost Muscle: Superficial Lamina of the External Oblique

Flexion and rotation of lumbar vertebrae; outerside of abdomen; innervated by intercostal and subcostal nerves.

Lateral External Muscle: Deep Lamina of the External Oblique

Flexion and rotation of the lumbar column to the contralateral side; innervated by intercostal and subcostal nerves.

Lateral Internal Muscle: Transversus Abdominus

Narrows abdominal wall by creating pressure; internal side of the abdomen; innervated by intercostal, subcostal, iliohypogastric, and iliolinguinal nerves.

Lateral Internal Muscle: Quadratus Lumborum

Extends vertebral column; back of abdomen; innervated by subcostal, iliohypogastric, and iliolinguina​l nerves.

Subvertebral Muscle: Psoas Major

Flexion of femur; runs from diaphragm to femur; innervated by lumbar nerves.

Subvertebral Muscle: Psoas Minor

Helps flex the femur; on top of psoas major; innervated by lumbar nerves.

Where would you find the lumbar arteries in the abdominal wall?

In between the inner layer (transversus abdominus/quadratus lumborum) and the middle layer (internal oblique).

Retroperitoneal Organs

Kidney, pancreas, duodenum, acsending colon, decsending​ colon, and rectum.

Peritoneal Gut

Mesentery is separate.

What is mesentery?

Forms between the wall and the organ.

Secondary retroperitoneal

Organs los​e most of their mesentery.

Visceral Layer

Touching the organ.

Parietal Layer

Touching the wall.

Greater vs. Lesser Omentum

Greater: Connects stomach to transverse colon.
Lesser: Connects stomach to liver.

Portal System

One capillary plexus goes through another capillary plexus before entering the heart. Hepatic runs from intestine to liver.

Similarities between the hepatic and renal portal system

Both filter blood and run through plexes before entering the heart.

Differences between the hepatic and renal portal system

Renal: 1 organ, arteriole transfer, filters water and waste.
Hepatic: 2 organs, veins transfer, regulates fuel.

Path of sperm

1. Seminiferous Tubules
2. Rete Testes
3. Ductus Deferens
4. Ejaculatory Duct
5. Urethra

Seminal Gland

Produces nourishment (fructose) for the sperm.

Prostate Gland

Produces sperm protection against acidic environments.

Bulbourethral Gland

Produces lubricant to increase sperm mobility.

Penile Erection Process

1. Deep arteries of penis dilate.
2. Vessels dialate and blood fills cavernous tissue.
3. Capillaries swell and push up on the veins which then collapse.
4. Creates an erection.

Structure and Function of Uterus

Fundus: Bottom of uterus
Body: Middle of uterus
Cervix: Part that exits into vagina
Myometrium: middle layer of (smooth muscle)
Endometrium: inner layer
Peritometrium: around uterus.

Process of Ovulation

1. Ovulation begins and breaks through the ovary.
2. Fimbrae picks up the egg and takes it down the uterine tube through the ostium.
3. Egg enters the uterus.
*Peritoneal cavity: Surrounds the reproductive organs.

Homology to Scrotum

Labia majora

Homology of Bulbourethral Glands

Greater vestibular glands

Adoral Branches

Esophageal, short gastric, right gastric, and right gastric-omental.

Aboral Branches

Left gastric, left gastro-mental, gastroduodenal, and pacreaticoduodenal.

Sympathetic innervation of the abdominal viscera

Gut: Sympathetic splanchnic nerves
Wall: Grey communicating rami

Transducter

Detects and connects signals.

Lateral External Muscle: External Intercostal

Elevation of ribs and if one side contracts it will pull the ribs together; between ribs; innervated by the corresponding intercostals

Branches of Celiac Artery

Left gastric, splanic, and hepatic.

Lateral Middle Muscle: Internal Intercostal

Depression of ribs; between ribs; innervated by corresponding intercostal nerves.

Lateral Outermost Muscle: Serratus Posterior Inferior

Depression of ribs; lower back; innervated by intercostals.

Lateral Outermost Muscle: Serratus Posterior Superior

Elevate ribs; upper back, innervated by intercostal nerves.

Ventral Muscle: Sternalis

*Isn't present in most people* Elevation or ribs; on sternum; innervated by intercostal nerves.

Gaps in autonomic origin

Big limb development where body crowds the parasympathetic area.

Nerve Diagram

Epineuruim: Surrounds the bundle fasicuili
Perineurium: Surrounds the bundle of nerve fibers.
Endoneurium: Surrounds nerve fibers.
Peripheral Nerve Fiber: Center of endoneurium.
Fasiculus:​ Bundle of nerve fibers.

Mechanoreceptors

Detect touch and sound

Neuroglia

Oligodendrocytes and schwan cells create the myelin sheath.

Internodal Segment

Bubble portion of myelin sheath

Node of Ranvier

Break between each internodal segment

Pseudounipolar neurons

Taste and touch.