Exam 2 CSD A+P

Voiceless sounds are produced without...

the use of vocal folds

Average male length of larynx

44 mm

Average female length of larynx

36 mm

•Respiration requires muscular effort

-Efficiency of respiration depends on how...

individuals control their muscles of respiration

Respiration is the force behind...

speech production

-provides energy for oral communication

Respiratory Cycle

one complete inspiration and expiration

Adults between 12-18 cycles of respiration per minute

Quiet tidal respiration

Defined as quiet flow of air into and out of lungs

▪Involves about 500 mL of air with each cycle

▪Individuals process around 6,000 to 8,000 mL (6 to 8 liters) of air every minute

-Minute volume: air involved in one minute of respiration

Aveoli expand from 25 million at birth to more than...

300 million by 8 years of age

Thorax will expand,lung will...

stretch to fill the cavity

Newborns breathe how many cycles?

40-70 cycles per min

The adult has a volume of air that is never expelled, but the infant...

does not have this reserve

Volume is measured in...

liters (L), milliliters (mL), cubic centimeters (cc)

Quiet tidal volume/Tidal volume

the volume of air exchanged during one cycle of quiet respiration

-Males 600 mL, females 450 mL

Volumes:

•Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

•Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

•Residual volume (RV)

•Dead space air

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

-Air inspired beyond tidal volume

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

-Air expired beyond tidal volume

Residual Volume (RV)

Dead space air volume

-Air that cannot undergo gas exchange; includes residual volume

Capacities...

refers to combined volumes that express physiological limits

What are the capacities:

•Vital capacity

•Functional residual capacity (FRC)

•Total lung capacity (TLC)

•Inspiratory capacity (IC)

Vital Capacity (VC)

-Volume of air that can be inspired after a maximal expiration

-Capacity that is available for speech

-VC = IRV + ERV + TV

-About 4,000 mL on average

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

-Air that remains in the body after passive

inspiration

-FRC = ERV + RV

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

-Sum of all lung capacities

-TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + VR

-About 5,100 mL

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

-Volume that can be inspired after tidal expiration

-IC = TV + IRV

-About 3,000 mL

Factors that affect respiration are...

exercise, age, muscle weakness, and illness

Total lung capacity is the same across the...

lifespan

Age decreases function and can affect selected...

volumes and capacities

Vital, inspiratory, and expiratory reserve

capacities diminish with...

age

Functional residual capacity increases

with...

age

-Increase due to loss of inspiratory capacity

Respiration involves the balance of...

pressures

What are the five specific types of pressure...

-Intraoral pressure

-Subglottal pressure

-Alveolar or pulmonic pressure

-Intrapleural pressure

-Atmospheric pressure

Intraoral pressure

pressure measured within the oral cavity

Subglottal pressure

pressure below the vocal cords

Alveolar or pulmonic pressure

pressure within the individual alveolus

Intrapleural pressure

▪Pressure between the visceral and parietal pleural

membranes

Remains constantly negative, especially during inspiration

Atmospheric pressure

▪Pressure of the atmosphere generated by its weight; approximately 760 mm Hg

-Pressures are all measured relative to atmospheric pressure so treat it as a constant zero

When volume increases in the lungs the diaphragm...

contracts downward

When pressure increase in the lungs the diaphragm...

relaxes upward

What is atmospheric pressure...

760 mmHg

The function of pressure during inspirtation is...

-Thorax expands and decreases the already negative intrapleural pressure

-Increased lung volume results in a negative alveolar pressure

Air flows into the lungs because of a...

pressure difference

During expiration pressure is...

-Pressure differential is reversed

-Air escaping the lungs to equalize the positive alveolar pressure with the relatively negative atmospheric pressure

Recoil forces

during expiration the tissue returns to the original dimension due to elasticity and gravity

relaxation pressure curve

pressure generated by the force of deeply breathing in

Relaxing the muscles after inspiration results in...

positive alveolar pressure due to expanded lungs and torqued cartilage

Negative relaxation pressure is found following...

forced expiration

Negative pressure is a function of...

chest wall recoil

Body position and posture play a

significant role in...

respiratory volumes

In the reclining position, the abdomen is affected by the force of...

gravity

In the reclining position, the abdomen is affected by the force of gravity. Which affects...

-Resting lung volume decreases

-Effort required for inspiration increases

What are the two levels of pressure:

- constant supply of subglottal pressure to drive the vocal folds

- rapidly changing pressure for syllabic stress

The pressure of constant supply of subglottal pressure to drive the vocal folds needs...

•3-5 cm of driving pressure to make the vocal folds move

•Conversational speech is 7-10 cm of pressure

The rapidly changing pressure for syllabic stress characteristics:

•Increase subglottal pressure about 2 cm H20 to increase stress

•Use inspiratory and expiratory accessory muscles

Normal respiratory cycle: Inspiration and Expiration

-Inspiration takes up to 40% of the cycle

-Expiration takes up to 60% of the cycle

Respiratory cycle during speech: Inspiration and Expiration

-Inspiration takes up 10% of the cycle

-Expiration takes up 90% of the cycle

▪Checking action uses muscles to restrain expiration

▪Can use accessory muscles of expiration and inspiration to produce syllable stress

Pneumothorax

air in the pleural cavity, collapsed lung

Pneumonia

An inflammation of lung tissue, wherer the alveoli in the affected areas fill w/fluid

Voiced sounds are produced by...

action of vocal folds

Spoken communication uses both...

voiceless and voiced sounds

The larynx is also known as the...

voice box

Phonation is also known as...

voicing

Phonation is the product of...

vibrating vocal folds

Phonation occurs within the...

larynx

Phonation is the source of ______ for speech

voice

Respiration provides energy that allows...

phonation

The glottis is the...

space between the vocal folds

What is the most important laryngeal space for speech?

glottis

The glottis is defined by what, that allows voicing?

variable sphincter

What are the 5 layers of the vocal folds?

1. squamous epithelium

2. superficial lamina propria

3. intermediate lamina propria

4. deep lamina propria

5. thyroarytenoid muscle

subglottal

area below the vocal folds

As air passes between the vocal fold, they may be made to...

vibrate

What is the biological function of Larynx?

-produces phonation

-clamps airway in response to possible intrusion by foreign objects (food and liquid)

-rapidly expels foreign matter away from opening of airway

The vocal folds permit a person to hold their breath, which helps in...

swimming, lifting, childbirth, and pooping

structure of larynx

-Larynx is a Musculo-cartilaginous structure

-Located at the above the trachea

-Adjacent to cervical vertebrae 4

through 6

The larynx is composed of three unpaired cartilages, what are they?

-cricoid cartilage

-thyroid cartilage

-epiglottis cartilage

The larynx is composed of three paired cartilages, what are they?

-arytenoid cartilage

-corniculate cartilage

-cuneiform cartilage

Where does the cuneiform cartilage reside?

within the aryepiglottic folds

What are the cartilages of the larynx?

thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

What is the union between the tongue and laryngeal structures?

hyoid bone

The hyoid bone lossely articulates with the...

superior cornu of the thyroid cartilage

What is a laryngectomy?

surgical removal of the larynx

After a laryngectomy what happens?

- voicing source for speech is lost

- difficult to expectorate phlegm

- cessation of activities such as swimming

- patient undergoes a tracheostomy (surgical procedure that creates an opening (stoma) in the front of the neck and inserts a tube into the trachea (windpipe))

What is a tracheostomy?

surgical procedure that involves inserting a tube into the trachea to open it up to airflow

Inner Larynx: Cartilages of larynx combined form a tube-like space with an adjustable valve-like...

Constriction

Inner Larynx: Vocal folds are bands of tissue that can be...

moved into and out of airstream

Inner Larynx: Cavity of the larynx is a constricted tube with a...

smooth surface

Inner Larynx: Medial laryngeal surface is covered in...

mucous membrane

Laryngeal Membranes: Extrinsic Ligaments attatch...

between hyoid or trachea and cartilage of the larynx

What are the extrinsic ligaments of the laryngeal membrane?

-Thyrohyoid membrane

-Lateral thyrohyoid ligament

•Triteceal cartilage

-Median thyrohyoid ligament

-Hyoepiglottic ligament

-Lateral and median glossoepiglottic ligaments

- Cricotracheal ligament

Muscle important for burping and TEP speech?

Cricopharyngeal muscle

Laryngeal membranes: Intrinsic ligaments connect...

cartilages of the larynx and form support structures of the larynx and vocal folds

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx...

-Fibroelastic membrane of larynx:

•Upper quadrangular membranes

•Aryepiglottic folds

-Lower conus elasticus

-Vocal ligament

-Thyroepiglottic ligament

Pyriform sinus:

space between the aryepiglottic fold and thyroid cartilage- transit point for food and liquid

Cavity of larynx: Aditus?

entry to the larynx from the pharynx above

Cavity of larynx: Vestibule?

space between the aditus and the ventricular (or vestibular) folds

The ventricular folds (aka false vocal folds)...

not used for phonation- made up of mucous membrane and vestibular ligament- space between them is rima vestibuli

What is the rima vestibuli?

space between vestibular/ventricular folds

aryepiglottic folds

lateral walls

What is the laryngeal ventricle?

space between true and false vocal folds

The anterior portion of the laryngeal ventricle?

laryngeal saccule containing mucus glands to lubricate the vocal folds