neuro ta pptx questions exam 1 (lecture 1-8)

what are the functions of the sensory, motor, and interneurons?

sensory neurons: respond to environment, such as light, color, or touch

motor neurons: contact muscles or glands

interneurons: receive input from and send input to other neurons

what is the most numerous glial cell in the CNS and what is its function?

astrocytes: provides support and regulates the blood brain barrier

what type of neuronal axon will convey information more rapidly?

A-alpha axons; because it is most myelinated, which allows action potentials to be conducted across the axon at a faster speed

what type of glial cell is involved in immune response?

microglia

what type of cell is attacked by the body’s immune system due to MS?

oligodendrocytes

what type of flow is sensory information?

afferent: carries impulses into the region of interest

what imaging techniques represent static images?

CT, MRI, DTI

if a patient dies, what part of their brain is the deciding factor for death?

medulla

which imaging technology could provide a physician with a very high resolution image of the thalamus?

MRI scan

what type of filament provides a static support structure in the brain?

neurofilaments

what would cause an increase of intensity of a signal on a neuronal level?

an increase in frequency of action potentials

all of the following are generalized onset seizures EXCEPT:

a. myoclonic seizures

b. grand-mal seizures

c. absence seizures

d. focal seizures

d. focal seizures

Glycine would cause what sort of graded response in a postsynaptic cell?

IPSP

you notice that a patient seems to be shrugging their shoulders, but it is occurring involuntarily. This patient might be having a:

a. stroke

b. myoclonic seizure

c. petit-mal seizure

d. tetanus

b. myoclonic seizure

What must happen within a neuron for it to reach its threshold in order to carry out an action potential?

a. Na+ ions must diffuse outside of the cell, therefore causing the inside of the cell to become more negative

b. K+ ions must diffuse outside of the cell, therefore causing the inside of the cell to become more positive

c. Na+ ions will enter the cell via open channels to make the inside of the cell less negative

d. K+ channels open to allow ions to move outside of the cell and make it more negative

c. Na+ ions will enter the cell via open channels to make the inside of the cell less negative

As drug intake increases, sensitization to that drug ____________ while tolerance to that drug ___________ .

A. Increases;Increases

B. Decreases;Increases

C. Decreases;Decreases

D. Increases;Decreases

B. Decreases;Increases

Neurotransmitters are what type of ligand?

endogenous ligands

Which class of seizures involve only one brain area?

Partial (or focal) seizures

what pathway consists of raphe nuclei?

serotonin

where is epinephrine pathway located?

in the body, NOT BRAIN

what is the rate-limiting step in catecholamine synthesis?

conversion of tyrosine to L-Dopa via Tyrosine Hydroxylase

how do neuromodulators differ from neurotransmitters?

they indirectly affect neurotransmitter release and/or the strength of a receptor’s response

how do ADHD medications (which are stimulants) lessen hyperactive behaviors?

they stimulate the inhibitory pathways of the brain

what is the primary cause of action for amphetamines in a synapse?

• Amphetamines work by blocking catecholamine reuptake. (Catecholamines can be reuptaken into the presynaptic neuron by MAOs)

• Also Amphetamines cause an excess release of catecholamines into the synaptic cleft.

• Both the excess release as well as reuptake blocking leads to high catecholamine concentration in the synaptic cleft.

what method of addiction treatment is characterized by causing an unpleasant reaction when the drug is used?

aversive treatment

what makes up the blood-brain barrier?

a. Microglia

b. Meninges

c. Astrocytes

d. Both B & C

c. Astrocytes

In the spinal cord, how is gray and white matter arranged?

a. Gray matter is more central, white matter is more in the periphery

b. Gray matter is more peripheral, white matter is more central

c. Gray matter and white matter are equally distributed throughout the spinal cord

d. The spinal cord only consists of white matter

a. Gray matter is more central, white matter is more in the periphery

In the brain, how is gray and white matter arranged?

1. Gray matter is more central, white matter is more in the periphery

2. Gray matter is more peripheral, white matter is more central

3. Gray matter and white matter are equally distributed throughout the brain

4. The brain only consists of gray matter

2. Gray matter is more peripheral, white matter is more central

When a neuron is at rest, what is the force that will push sodium out of the cell?

1. Electrostatic potential 

2. Graded potential 

3. Concentration potential

4. Sodium potassium pump

4. Sodium potassium pump

All of the following will occur with consistent drug exposure EXCEPT:

1. Buildup of delta FosB

2. Withdrawal symptoms

3. Tolerance

4. Activation of the mesolimbocortical dopamine system

2. Withdrawal symptoms

A person is injected with Curare prior to an abdominal surgery. Which of the following things would most likely occur?

1. His breathing rate would increase

2. His heart would slow down

3. He would fall asleep

4. He would be unable to move his arms and legs

4. He would be unable to move his arms and legs

How does Diablo promote apoptosis?

1. Binds to and inhibits IAPs, leading to increased caspase activity

2. Binds to and activates IAPs, leading to increased caspase activity

3. Binds to and activates IAPs, leading to decreased caspase activity

4. Binds to and inhibits IAPs, leading to decreased caspase activity

1. Binds to and inhibits IAPs, leading to increased caspase activity

Cells in the notochord promote differentiation of cells in the spinal cord into:

1. Sonic Hedgehog

2. Motor neurons

3. Sensory neurons

4. All of the above

2. Motor neurons

True or False: Potassium leak channels are always open and contribute to maintaining the resting membrane potential.

true

Two types of functional neuroimaging we have discussed include:

1. fMRI; MRI

2. CT; MRI

3. PET; CT

4. PET; fMRI

4. PET; fMRI

Excitotoxicity is caused by an excess release of what?

1. GABA

2. Glutamate

3. Carbon Monoxide

4. Serotonin

5. A and B

2. Glutamate

What would you treat with a D2 antagonist?

1. Depression

2. Schizophrenia

3. Narcolepsy

4. Migraine

2. Schizophrenia

You are an extreme alcoholic and your friends force you to go cold turkey. After about 50 hours you begin having seizures. This is because your nervous system has:

1. up regulated glutamate receptors

2. up regulated acetylcholine receptors 

3. down regulated glycine receptors

4. up regulated GABA receptors

1. up regulated glutamate receptors

If a patient has a lesion ventral to the occipital lobe, what effects might the lesion cause?

1. Vision loss

2. Abnormal gait

3. Hypersensitivity to stimuli

4. Loss of Cognitive Function

2. Abnormal gait

A sushi enthusiast goes to a japanese restaurant and has fugu, moments later he collapses. What mechanism of action has occurred on a cellular level?

1. Tetrodotoxin activated nerve action by binding to voltage gated K channels

2. Tetrodotoxin blocks nerve action by binding to voltage gated K channels

3. Tetrodotoxin activated nerve action by binding to voltage gated Na channels

4. Tetrodotoxin blocks nerve action by binding to voltage gated Na channel

4. Tetrodotoxin blocks nerve action by binding to voltage gated Na channel

What is required for neurotransmitter release from vesicles

1. Chloride

2. Magnesium

3. Calcium

4. Potassium

3. Calcium

Barbituate’s block _____ channels and activate ________ channels

1. Potassium / Magnesium 

2. Sodium / Potassium

3. Sodium / Chloride

4. Chloride / Sodium

3. Sodium / Chloride