Disorders of sexual development
DSDs; a variety of conditions in which a person is born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn’t seem to fit the typical definition of male or female
Gender
psychological condition of being feminine or masculine as defined by the society in which one lives
Biological Sex
your sex assigned at birth
male hormone
testosterone
female hormone
estrogen, progesterone
200 million
approximately how much sperm is in a single ejaculate?
gonadotrophin
GnRH; hormones released by the pituitary gland; stimulate testes and ovaries to make appropriate sex hormones; increased by hypothalamus
increase in estrogen or testosterone
what leads to development of secondary sex characteristics(body hair, vocal pitch, etc.)?
gender roles
the behaviors and activities we use to express our masculinity or femininity in ways that conform to society’s expectations.
Androgyny
combination of male and female traits in a singular person
transgender
when gender identity and biological sex don’t match
sexual orientation
a person’s enduring emotional, romantic, or sexual, attraction to others
sexual prejudice
negative attitudes and hostile actions directed at a social group and its members.
vulva
external female genitals
mons pubis
located above the outside of the vagina on the abdomen; pad of fatty tissue covering and protecting the pubic bone
labia majora
surrounds the folds of the labia minora; folds of skin and erectile tissue that enclose the vaginal and urethral openings.
labia minora
located inside your outer lips; folds of mucous membranes
clitoris
located at the upper end of the labia minora and beneath the mons pubis, and its only known function is sexual pleasure
urethral opening
right below the clitoris
vaginal opening
covered by a thin membrane (the hymen)
vagina
passageway from the uterus to the outside of body.
uterus
located between bladder and rectum; womb; hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ
endometrium
the lining of the uterus
cervix
located at bottom of the uterus, top of the vagina; lower end of the uterus
Fallopian tubes
located within the abdomen and directly above the uterus and endometrium; capture eggs as they are released from the ovaries during ovulation, and they are the site where sperm and egg meet and fertilization takes place; two fallopian tubes
ovaries
produce estrogen and progesterone, housing immature eggs (NO MIS); two ovaries
fimbria
end of Fallopian tubes
ovulation
phase of menstrual cycle at which the ovarian wall ruptures and releases a mature egg
FSH
travels in blood steam to stimulate growth in ovarian follicles, helps egg mature and prepares it for release
LH
trigger ovulation
menstrual cycle
takes place over 28 days on average; regulated by estrogen and progesterone; proliferative phase, the secretory phase, and the menstrual phase.
proliferative phase
begins with the end of menstruation when the hypothalamus senses low blood levels of estrogen and progesterone. It increases secretion of GnRH, which triggers pituitary gland release of FSH
secretory phase
phase after ovulation, when the ruptured Graafian follicle is turned into corpus luteum and begins secreting large amounts of estrogen and progesterone.
Premenstrual Syndrome
PMS; a collection of physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that many women experience 7 to 14 days prior to menstruation.
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
PMDD; symptoms include severe depression, hopelessness, anger, anxiety, low self-esteem, difficulty concentrating, irritability, and tension
dysmenorrhea
the medical term for menstrual cramps
Toxic Shock Syndrome
caused by a bacterial infection facilitated by tampon, diaphragm, or contraceptive sponge use.
menopause
permanent cessation of menstruation
penis
located above the scrotum; the male organ through which urine and semen are expelled from the body.
scrotum
located below the penis; serves to control temperature and protects the testes, which manufacture sperm and testosterone.
testes
located in the scrotum; responsible for manufacturing sperm and for producing testosterone
Spermatogenesis
the development of sperm.
Epididymides
located just above the testes; where immature sperm are held until maturity
vasa deferentia
located between urethra and epididymis; serve to store and move sperm
Seminal vesicles
located between bladder and prostate; provide sperm with nutrients and other fluids that compose semen
prostate gland
located below the bladder; adds chemicals to semen to help neutralize vaginal fluid.
Cowper’s glands
located at top of prostate; secrete a fluid that lubricates the urethra and neutralizes acid
IUDS, Plan B, Mifeprex, Abortion
what birth control methods do not prevent conception?
birth control methods for men
condoms, vasectomy, abstinence
corpus luteum
after ovulation
excessory glands
prostate, seminal vesicle, cowpers gland
prostate
what is responsible for the largest amount of seminal fluid or just fluid?
human chorionic gonadotropin
pregnancy hormone
block, disable, suppress
what are 3 mechanism for contraception?
foam
what is the best form of spermicide?
Block
barrier methods prevent sperm from coming in contact with vaginal space
Disable
products inserted into vagina and destroy sperm (spermacide)
Suppress
suppress ovulation; if there is no egg available in the Fallopian tube, sperm can’t fertilize anything
typical use failure rate
refers to the number of pregnancies likely to occur during the first year of typical use—with the normal number of errors, memory lapses, and incorrect or incomplete use.
perfect use failure rate
refers to the number of pregnancies that are likely to occur in the first year of use (per 100 users of the method) if the method is used absolutely perfectly—without any error.
diaphragm
shallow latex cup that fits over the cervix, blocking access to uterus
-no hormones
-must be fitted by a trained practitioner
-left in place 6 to 8 hours after intercourse
-can increase risk of toxic shock syndrome
Cervical Cap
latex or silicone cup that fits snugly over the cervix
-Must be fitted by a trained practitioner
-Can be inserted up to 6 hours before intercourse
-Left in place 6 to 8 hours after intercourse
Contraceptive Sponge
Made of polyurethane foam, contains nontoxynol-9
-Doesnt require fitting
-last up to 24 hours
-leave in place for at least 6 hours after last act of intercourse
Hormonal Methods
oral contraceptives, progestin-only pills, contraceptive skin patch, vaginal contraceptive ring, contraceptive injections, contraceptive implants
-Dont protect against STIs + Requires a prescription
Oral Contraceptives
contain synthetic hormones that prevent ovulation by regulating hormones
progestin only pills
minipills; contain only progesterone, no estrogen
avoid estrogen hormonal contraception
what should a female do is she has frequent migraines or headaches?
Progesterone only pills
cause weight gain, stop heavy periods but might have break though bleeding
xulane
patch that releases hormones (estrogen and progestin) similar to those in oral contraceptives
-worn for one week
30 or more
What BMI should a female not use the patch?
abdomen, upper outer arm, upper torso, and butt
where can the patch only be worn?
NuvaRing
contains both hormones and is inserted into the vagina for three weeks
-lower dosage of estrogen
depo provera
injectable method of birth control that lasts for 3 months
-takes effect with 24 hours of the first shot
-PROGESTIN ONLY
nexplanon
contraceptive implant; single rod implantable contraceptive that is inserted into the skin on the inner side of a woman’s upper underarm
-steady dose of progestin for up to three years
IUD
t shaped that is implanted in the uterus to prevent pregnancy
hormonal IUD
mirena(7 years), kyleena(7 years), liletta(5 years), and skyla(3 years)
-progestin
Non hormonal iud
paragard Iud has copper and last up to 12 years
withdrawal
a method of contraception that involves withdrawing the penis from the vagina just before ejaculation
abstinence
deliberately avoid intercourse
outercourse
oral genital sex and mutual masturbation
emergency contraception
drugs taken within three days after unprotected intercourse in order to prevent fertilization or implantation
Ella
newest form of emergency only available by prescription
Tubal ligation
female sterilization; cutting and tying off Fallopian tubes
vasectomy
male sterilization; involves cutting and tying off of both vasa deferent
Mifeprex
drug that blocks progesterone that is needed for a pregnancy to continue (can end pregnancy that a is less than 10 weeks along)
infertility
inability to conceive after a year or more of trying
two main causes of infertility
endometriosis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
infertility treatment
-fertility drugs
-Assisted reproductive technology
-Nonsurgical embryo transfer
HPV and Hepatitist B
which of the following 2 vaccinations prevent an STD and STI on the CD adult vaccination list?
Gonorrhea
common; urination pain for men, asympotomatic for women; pathogen: bacterial disease
cough and runny nose
what are two symptoms that could mean RSV, Flu, and Covid?
STD
requires more aggressive treatment and is often a chronic condition
STI
an infection that has not yet become a disease; treatable
-almost half of the newly diagnosed cases of STIs are in people ages 15-24
Routes of Transmission
-sexual intercourse
-oral genital contact
-hand genital contact
-anal intercourse
Chlamydia
most common in the US; men experience painful urination, women are asymptomatic, responsible for conjunctivitis: treatable in US.
pathogens
disease causing agents
endemic
occurring at expected prevalence rates in virtually all populations.
epidemic
disease outbreak that affects many people in a community or region at the same time.
major types of pathogens
bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, parasitic worms, and prions
syphilis
generally transferred only through direct sexual contact or from mother to fetus; three stages: primary, secondary, latent