Health Exam 4

Disorders of sexual development

DSDs; a variety of conditions in which a person is born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn’t seem to fit the typical definition of male or female

Gender

psychological condition of being feminine or masculine as defined by the society in which one lives

Biological Sex

your sex assigned at birth

male hormone

testosterone

female hormone

estrogen, progesterone

200 million

approximately how much sperm is in a single ejaculate?

gonadotrophin

GnRH; hormones released by the **pituitary gland;** stimulate testes and ovaries to make appropriate sex hormones; increased by hypothalamus

increase in estrogen or testosterone

what leads to development of secondary sex characteristics(body hair, vocal pitch, etc.)?

gender roles

the behaviors and activities we use to express our masculinity or femininity in ways that conform to society’s expectations.

Androgyny

combination of male and female traits in a singular person

transgender

when gender identity and biological sex don’t match

sexual orientation

a person’s enduring emotional, romantic, or sexual, attraction to others

sexual prejudice

negative attitudes and hostile actions directed at a social group and its members.

vulva

external female genitals

mons pubis

located above the outside of the vagina on the abdomen; pad of fatty tissue covering and protecting the pubic bone

labia majora

surrounds the folds of the labia minora; folds of skin and erectile tissue that enclose the vaginal and urethral openings.

labia minora

located inside your outer lips; folds of mucous membranes

clitoris

located at the upper end of the labia minora and beneath the mons pubis, and its only known function is sexual pleasure

urethral opening

right below the clitoris

vaginal opening

covered by a thin membrane (the hymen)

vagina

passageway from the uterus to the outside of body.

uterus

located between bladder and rectum; womb; hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ

endometrium

the lining of the uterus

cervix

located at bottom of the uterus, top of the vagina; lower end of the uterus

Fallopian tubes

located within the abdomen and directly above the uterus and endometrium; capture eggs as they are released from the ovaries during ovulation, and they are the site where sperm and egg meet and fertilization takes place; two fallopian tubes

ovaries

produce estrogen and progesterone, housing immature eggs (NO MIS); two ovaries

fimbria

end of Fallopian tubes

ovulation

phase of menstrual cycle at which the ovarian wall ruptures and releases a mature egg

FSH

travels in blood steam to stimulate growth in ovarian follicles, helps egg mature and prepares it for release

LH

trigger ovulation

menstrual cycle

takes place over 28 days on average; regulated by estrogen and progesterone; **proliferative phase, the secretory phase, and the menstrual phase.**

proliferative phase

begins with the end of menstruation when the hypothalamus senses low blood levels of estrogen and progesterone. It increases secretion of GnRH, which triggers pituitary gland release of FSH

secretory phase

phase after ovulation, when the ruptured Graafian follicle is turned into corpus luteum and begins secreting large amounts of estrogen and progesterone.

Premenstrual Syndrome

PMS; a collection of physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that many women experience 7 to 14 days prior to menstruation.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

PMDD; symptoms include severe depression, hopelessness, anger, anxiety, low self-esteem, difficulty concentrating, irritability, and tension

dysmenorrhea

the medical term for menstrual cramps

Toxic Shock Syndrome

caused by a bacterial infection facilitated by tampon, diaphragm, or contraceptive sponge use.

menopause

permanent cessation of menstruation

penis

located above the scrotum; the male organ through which urine and semen are expelled from the body.

scrotum

located below the penis; serves to control temperature and protects the testes, which manufacture sperm and testosterone.

testes

located in the scrotum; responsible for manufacturing sperm and for producing testosterone

Spermatogenesis

the development of sperm.

Epididymides

located just above the testes; where immature sperm are held until maturity

vasa deferentia

located between urethra and epididymis; serve to store and move sperm

Seminal vesicles

located between bladder and prostate; provide sperm with nutrients and other fluids that compose semen

prostate gland

located below the bladder; adds chemicals to semen to help neutralize vaginal fluid.

Cowper’s glands

located at top of prostate; secrete a fluid that lubricates the urethra and neutralizes acid

IUDS, Plan B, Mifeprex, Abortion

what birth control methods do not prevent conception?

birth control methods for men

condoms, vasectomy, abstinence

corpus luteum

after ovulation

excessory glands

prostate, seminal vesicle, cowpers gland

prostate

what is responsible for the largest amount of seminal fluid or just fluid?

human chorionic gonadotropin

pregnancy hormone

block, disable, suppress

what are 3 mechanism for contraception?

foam

what is the best form of spermicide?

Block

barrier methods prevent sperm from coming in contact with vaginal space

Disable

products inserted into vagina and destroy sperm (spermacide)

Suppress

suppress ovulation; if there is no egg available in the Fallopian tube, sperm can’t fertilize anything

typical use failure rate

refers to the number of pregnancies likely to occur during the first year of typical use—with the normal number of errors, memory lapses, and incorrect or incomplete use.

perfect use failure rate

refers to the number of pregnancies that are likely to occur in the first year of use (per 100 users of the method) if the method is used absolutely perfectly—without any error.

diaphragm

shallow latex cup that fits over the cervix, blocking access to uterus

\-no hormones

\-must be fitted by a trained practitioner

\-left in place 6 to 8 hours after intercourse

\-can increase risk of toxic shock syndrome

Cervical Cap

latex or silicone cup that fits snugly over the cervix

\-Must be fitted by a trained practitioner

\-Can be inserted up to 6 hours before intercourse

\-Left in place 6 to 8 hours after intercourse

Contraceptive Sponge

Made of polyurethane foam, contains nontoxynol-9

\-**Doesnt** require fitting

\-last up to 24 hours

\-leave in place for at least 6 hours after last act of intercourse

Hormonal Methods

oral contraceptives, progestin-only pills, contraceptive skin patch, vaginal contraceptive ring, contraceptive injections, contraceptive implants

\-**Dont protect against STIs + Requires a prescription**

Oral Contraceptives

contain synthetic hormones that prevent ovulation by regulating hormones

progestin only pills

minipills; contain only progesterone, no estrogen

avoid estrogen hormonal contraception

what should a female do is she has frequent migraines or headaches?

Progesterone only pills

cause weight gain, stop heavy periods but might have break though bleeding

xulane

patch that releases hormones (estrogen and progestin) similar to those in oral contraceptives

\-worn for one week

30 or more

What BMI should a female not use the patch?

abdomen, upper outer arm, upper torso, and butt

where can the patch only be worn?

NuvaRing

contains both hormones and is inserted into the vagina for three weeks

\-lower dosage of estrogen

depo provera

injectable method of birth control that lasts for 3 months

\-takes effect with 24 hours of the first shot

**-PROGESTIN ONLY**

nexplanon

contraceptive implant; single rod implantable contraceptive that is inserted into the skin on the inner side of a woman’s upper underarm

\-steady dose of progestin for up to three years

IUD

t shaped that is implanted in the uterus to prevent pregnancy

hormonal IUD

mirena(7 years), kyleena(7 years), liletta(5 years), and skyla(3 years)

\-progestin

\

Non hormonal iud

paragard Iud has copper and last up to 12 years

withdrawal

a method of contraception that involves withdrawing the penis from the vagina just before ejaculation

abstinence

deliberately avoid intercourse

outercourse

oral genital sex and mutual masturbation

emergency contraception

drugs taken within three days after unprotected intercourse in order to prevent fertilization or implantation

Ella

newest form of emergency only available by prescription

Tubal ligation

female sterilization; cutting and tying off Fallopian tubes

vasectomy

male sterilization; involves cutting and tying off of both vasa deferent

Mifeprex

drug that blocks progesterone that is needed for a pregnancy to continue (can end pregnancy that a is less than 10 weeks along)

infertility

inability to conceive after a year or more of trying

two main causes of infertility

endometriosis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

infertility treatment

\-fertility drugs

\-Assisted reproductive technology

\-Nonsurgical embryo transfer

HPV and Hepatitist B

which of the following 2 vaccinations prevent an STD and STI on the CD adult vaccination list?

Gonorrhea

common; urination pain for men, asympotomatic for women; pathogen: bacterial disease

cough and runny nose

what are two symptoms that could mean RSV, Flu, and Covid?

STD

requires more aggressive treatment and is often a chronic condition

STI

an infection that has not yet become a disease; **treatable**

\-almost half of the newly diagnosed cases of STIs are in people ages 15-24

Routes of Transmission

\-sexual intercourse

\-oral genital contact

\-hand genital contact

\-anal intercourse

Chlamydia

most common in the US; men experience painful urination, women are asymptomatic, responsible for conjunctivitis: treatable in US.

pathogens

disease causing agents

endemic

occurring at expected prevalence rates in virtually all populations.

epidemic

disease outbreak that affects many people in a community or region at the same time.

major types of pathogens

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, parasitic worms, and prions

syphilis

generally transferred only through direct sexual contact or from mother to fetus; three stages: primary, secondary, latent