Chap 8 and 9 Test->environmental studied

In 1970 how many children did the average Chinese women have?

6

When did the one-child law limit go into effect?

1980-2015

When did the two-child limit go into effect?

2016-2020

When dud the three-child limit go into effect?

2021-now

What is the current human population?

8.2 billion

What has led to longer lifespans and remarkable population growth?

Advances in agriculture and industry

What are some of the industry advances?

Improved sanitation, medicine, and food production

What is infant mortality?

Number of babies out of 100 that die during their first year of life

What is life expectancy?

Average number of years a person is expected to live

Since the 1960`s, how has the human population growth rate changed?

Slowed from 2.1% to about 1.2%

What do humans use to extend Earths carrying capacity to our species?

Technology

How do you estimate how long it would take any population to double?

Dividing 70 by its annual percentage growth rate

What is population density?

Number of people living per mi2 (or per km2)

What are two predictions of the world population in 2050?

→ 9 billion people on earth

→ 10.5 billion people on earth

What is the fertility rate?

Average number of children a female has during her life

What is the replacement fertility rate?

The total fertility rate for a nation that would keep its population stable

What is the age structure?

Describes the relative number of people with in different age brackets in a population

What does a population with mostly young people tend to do?

Grow

What is the typical sex ration for humans?

1.00 females : 1.06 men

What are demographic transitions the result of?

Economic growth and social changes

Are birth rates and death rates at the pre-industrial stage high or low?

High

What are the fertility, infant mortality, and death rates in developing nations?

Higher

What is the life expectancy in developing nations?

Lower

What are the fertility, infant mortality, and death rates in devolved nations?

Lower

What is the life expectancy in devolved nations?

Higher

What cant overwhelmed governments supply?

Clean water or sewer treatment

What became common as land is cleared for farming?

Deforestation, flooding, disease, and habitat loss

How much of the worlds resources does 20% of the worlds richest people use?

86%

What are the negative impacts of technology?

Enabled resource expiation, population and biodiversity loss, and climate changes

What are the positive impacts of technology?

Longer-healthier and more comfortable lives, recycling helps the environment, renewable energy

One third of death and disease in the least devolved nations is a direct result of what?

Environmental causes

What are the four types of environmental hazards?

→biological

→social

→chemical

→physical

What are some of the biological heath hazards?

Bacteria and other organisms

What is epidemiology?

The study of disease in human populations

What can epidemiology determine?

How and where they occur and how they can be controlled

What is toxicology?

The study of how poisonous substance affect an organisms heath

How do toxicologists look at toxicity?

By determine doce-response relationships

What is LD50?

Lethal doce for half the animals

What is meant by indivual responses?

Sensitivity to hazards varies with age, sex, weight, and immune system heath

What is risk?

The probability that a hazard will cause harm

What is risk assessment?

The process of measuring risk

What are the five types of diseases that can cause ¾ of infectious disease death?

→respiratory infections

→tuberculous

→malera

→ AIDS

→diarrheal diseases

What are infectious diseases?

Cause by pathogens

How are infectious diseases spread?

By human and animal contact and thorough contaminated food + water

What are emerging diseases?

Diseases appearing in the human population for the first time or suddenly beginning to spread rapidly

What two organizations respond to emerging diseases?

WHO(world heath organization) and DCP(center for disease control and prevention)

What are social heath hazards?

→smoking

→2nd hand smoke

→living near an old toxic waste site

→working with harmful chemicals

→eating fatty food

What is a chemical heath factor?

The factors that determine the risk of chemical type, the amount/doce

What is a physical heath factor?

Impacts the bodys physical well being

What is a pollutant?

Any substance that can harm the environment/organism

What are seven types of chemical hazards?

→carcinogens

→chemical mutagens

→teratogens

→neurotoxins

→endocrine disrupters

→allergens

What is a chemical mutagen?

Chemicals that cause genetic mutagens

What is a teratogen?

Chemicals that harm embryos and fetuses

Name five sources of indoor chemical hazards

→combustion by-products

→household products

→building materials

→smoke

→natural gases

Name three locations of outdoor chemical hazards

→volcanic eruptions

→chemical run off

→toxic substances being drained into water

What is bioaccumulation?

The build-up of toxic substances in the bodies of organisms

What is biomagnification?

The increased concentration of toxic substances with each step in a food chain

How is earths crust arranged?

Tectonic plates

Where do earthquakes tend to occur?

Along active plate boundaries

What is a volcano?

Opening in earths crust that eject molten lava and other materials

What can ash and gases do?

Block sunlight and causing temperature to drop

What are three types of storms?

→tornadoes

→hurricanes

→thunderstorms

What storm has the highest wind speed?

Tornadoes