APUSH Period 2

Spanish Colonization

• Funded by crown

• Very direct control

• Strong Catholic missionary impulse

• More complex socio-political system (based on race)

• Few women

French & Dutch

• Maintained a much looser hold on their colonies

• Few Europeans came over

• Used trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to acquire furs, etc. for export

• French sent Juesiuit Missionaries

British Coloniztion

• Joint stock companies raised funds and were granted charters

• Economic development more independent from Mother Colony

• More vraince in background, motivation, etc. of colonists

• Little intermixing with native population (rigid racial hierarchy)

• Relatively more women over, as aim to acquire land and populate colonies rather than simply turn a profit

Henry VIII

protestant/Anglican

Edward VI

protestant

Mary Tudor

Catholic

Elizabeth I

protestant; brings stability to England

James VI of Scotland and I of England

protestant

Stripping of the altars

destroying stuff that isn’t catholic

According to Winthrop, why does God allow some people to be rich and others poor?

To reflect His glory and maintain social order for the common good.

What does Winthrop emphasize as crucial for the colonists' success?

Unity and mutual support, prioritizing community over individual gain.

What kind of covenant have the settlers entered into with God?

A covenant to create a model society that upholds moral and ethical standards.

What are the moral duties Winthrop highlights in his sermon?

To do justly, love mercy, and walk humbly with God.

What consequences does Winthrop warn might arise from neglecting their covenant with God?

Divine retribution, becoming a "story and a by-word" for failure.

How does Winthrop suggest the colonists should view their wealth and resources?

As gifts from God meant for the common good, not personal enrichment.

What historical context influences Winthrop's views on community and social hierarchy?

The Puritan belief in predestination and moral responsibility

What does Winthrop hope the Massachusetts Bay Colony will demonstrate to the world?

A moral and ethical example for others to follow.

In what ways does Winthrop’s vision reflect ideas relevant to American identity today?

It emphasizes the importance of community, moral responsibility, and being a positive example.

What does Williams argue about the blood of those persecuted for their beliefs?

It is not required nor accepted by Jesus Christ.

What type of arguments does Williams present against persecution?

Scriptural evidence and rational arguments.

How does Williams respond to the objections raised by Calvin, Beza, and others?

He provides satisfactory answers to their scriptural arguments supporting persecution

What does Williams say about the doctrine of persecution?

It is guilty of the blood of souls crying for vengeance.

What is the role of civil states in matters of religion, according to Williams?

Civil states are not to judge or govern spiritual matters.

What does Williams believe God commands regarding religious diversity?

Permission for all consciences and worships, even those considered pagan or anti-Christian.

How does Williams describe the state of Israel in relation to modern governance?

As a figurative and ceremonial example, not a precedent for civil states.

What is the consequence of enforced religious uniformity, according to Williams?

It leads to civil war, ravishing of conscience, and persecution.

What impact does enforced uniformity have on the conversion of the Jews, per Williams?

It undermines hopes for their conversion to Christ.

What does Williams assert about the separation of civil and religious authority?

Enforced uniformity confounds the two and denies Christian principles.

How does Williams believe peace can be achieved in a state?

By permitting diverse consciences and worships while ensuring civil obedience.

What is Williams' view on the coexistence of true civility and Christianity?

Both can flourish alongside the permission of diverse beliefs.

What were the main charges against Anne Hutchinson during her trial?

Heresy and sedition for her unorthodox religious beliefs and teachings.

What did Hutchinson do in her home that led to her trial?

She held meetings to discuss her interpretations of the Bible and criticized the Puritan ministers.

What was the outcome of Anne Hutchinson’s trial?

She was found guilty and banished from Massachusetts.

What does Hutchinson’s trial reveal about the Puritan society?

It demonstrates religious intolerance, a patriarchal structure, and a focus on community over individual beliefs.

How did Hutchinson challenge gender norms in Puritan society?

By asserting her religious authority and influencing others, which defied the expected roles of women.

What were the Puritans' primary goals in establishing a colony in the New World?

What were the Puritans' primary goals in establishing a colony in the New World?

What did the Puritans hope to create as a model society?

A "city upon a hill" that exemplified their religious values and served as a moral example to others.

How did the Puritans view individual beliefs that diverged from their doctrine?

They saw them as destabilizing threats that could undermine community cohesion.

What did the Puritans believe about their covenant with God?

They believed they were chosen by God to create a holy community and that their success was a sign of divine favor.

What social implications can be drawn from the banishment of Hutchinson?

It highlights the extent to which the Puritans prioritized conformity and communal authority over individual expression.

What broader historical context influenced the Puritan's quest in the New World?

They sought to escape religious persecution in England and aimed to build a society free from such oppression.

What was the significance of Queen Mary I's reign (1553-1558) in England?

She attempted to restore Catholicism and persecuted Protestants, leading to the execution of nearly 300 dissenters.

Who was the first European to reach North America since the Vikings, and in what year?

John Cabot in 1497.

How did internal disunity affect England during the sixteenth century?

It limited England's power and delayed its exploration and colonization efforts.

What major religious change did Henry VIII implement in England?

He broke away from the Catholic Church and established the Church of England (Anglican Church).

Describe England's approach to conquering Ireland in the sixteenth century.

It involved military conquest, land seizure, and exclusion of the native population, paralleling future colonization efforts in America.

What attitudes did English writers hold toward the Irish in comparison to American Indians?

Both were depicted as "barbaric" and resistant to English authority, justifying exclusion and violence.

Who were Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh?

English explorers who received charters to establish colonies in North America, though their early ventures largely failed.

What was the outcome of Sir Walter Raleigh’s Roanoke colony

The colony was abandoned, and the fate of its inhabitants remains a mystery, with only "Croatoan" carved on a tree as a clue.

What can be inferred about the economic and logistical challenges of early English colonization?

Successful colonization required significant planning and resources, which individual sponsors like Raleigh struggled to provide.

What was the impact of the religious reformation in England on colonization?

The religious conflicts and shifts contributed to England's eventual interest in establishing colonies as a means of escaping strife.

What lessons did England learn from its initial colonization attempts by the late 16th century?

Early failures highlighted the need for better planning, resources, and a clear strategy for successful settlement.

How did England justify its imperial ambitions in the Americas during the late sixteenth century?

England claimed a mission to liberate the Americas from Catholic tyranny, promoting itself as a champion of freedom against the oppressive Spanish Empire.