3.08 intro to plants

What are the 6 characteristics plants must display?

1.multicellular
2.eukaryotic
3.cells made of cellulose
4.do not move
5.Almost all perform photosynthesis
6.reproduction by alternation of generations

What are the 6 steps of the plant life cycle?

1.multicellular to meiosis
2.meiosis to spores
3.spores to multicellular organisms
4.gametuphyte to sex cells
5.sex cells to fertilization
6.fertilization to zygote

What are plants thought to evolve from?

charophytes

What are charophytes?

proist green algae

Why did plants have to evolve certain traits? (2)

- in order to breath
-in order to protect themselves from dehydration

What are bryophytes?

first land plants to evolve from algae

What do bryophytes do?

absorb water and nutrients in the air by osmosis and diffusion

What 2 traits did bryophytes evolve to have?

- cuticle
-stomata

What is a cuticle?

waterproof waxy coating

what is stomata?

small pores

What is an example of bryophytes?

mosses

Why are bryophytes so small? (3)

has rhiziods (thin roots)

What are rhizoids?

thin similar to roots

Why are bryophytes pioneers?

No true roots, can establish themselves on uninhabited areas

What are 2 benefits of bryophytes?

1.provide organic matter than enhances oil and facilitates plant growth
2.help ecological succession

What is ecological succession

gruadual change in ecosystem over time

Are pioneer species an example of primary or secondary succession?

primary succession

in the reproduction of bryophytes, what does male gametophyte turn into?

antheridia

What carries the sperm in bryophytes reproduction?

raindrop

What does the fertilization process contain

archegonium

What 3 things does fertilization lead to in order?

1.zygote
2.then embryo
3.then female sporophyte

Over time what does the young sporophyte turn into?

female gametophyte

What are the tope of female gamtopytes?

mature sporophytes

Due to spore dispersal, what do the gamotypotes turn into?

1.make gametophyte
2.female gametophyte

What is an example of bryophyte?

peat moss

What are the 3 uses of bryophytes?

1.pioneers
2.gardening
3.mop up oil spills

What are tracheophytes?

plants that have vascular system

What are the vascular systems?

allow plants to transport water and nutrients

What are vascular systems

allow plants to transport water and nutrients

What do vascular systems cause plants to do?

grow taller

What are the 2 groups of tracheophytes?

Pteidopytes
Spematophytes

What are the first vascular plants evolve?

ferns

What are 2 characteristics of pteridophytes?

-Have simple roots and stems
-Have large leaves

Why are ferns pioneer plants?

-Can grow on bare exposed rocks
-Can grow in volcanic ash/forest fires

In pteridophytes reproduction, how the sperm get into the egg?

The male organ extremes sperm from the gametopyte, and the sperm enters the female organ, fertilizalizing the egg

What does the fertilization of the pteridopytes lead to?

zygote

What happens after the zygote gets created?

mitosis

After time what does mitosis help create

sporophyte

What gets created through meiosis?

spores

What is the last phase of the pteridopytes reproduction cycle?

mitosis

What are spermatopytes? (similarity between angiosperm and pteridophytes)

These are vascular plants that reproduce using seeds

What are seeds in relation to plants?

plants embryo

What are the benefits of spermatophytes?

1.Remove limits of water availability for fertilization
2.Allow for greater dispersal

What are cone-bearing plants called?

gymnosperms

Why do gymnosperms have thin needle-like leaves?

Help plants survive harsh dry, hot, and cold weather

How do the female cones become fertilized?

By pollen blown on the wind from male cones

Where do the female cones grow?

upper branches

where do male cones grow?

lower branches

What do all angiosperms have in order to reproduce?

flowers and fruits

what is the alternation of generations in plants?

plants alternate between 2 different life stages or generations in their life cycle

What is the haploid stage in the alternation of generations in plants?

gametophyte

what is the diploid stage in the alternation of generations in plants?

sporophyte

draw the plant life cycle. there are 7 steps. include which steps are haploid and which steps are diploid

draw the bryophytes life cycle. There are 6 stages. Include which stages are haploid and which steps are diploid.

what do bryophytes depend on. to reproduce?

water

what group are pteridophytes apart of?

Tracheophytes

What groups are spermatophytes apart of?

Tracheophytes

For the reproduction of spermatophytes, what does the gametophytes depend on?

sporophytes

What is gymnosperms in a group of?

spermatophytes

what angiosperms in a group of?

spermatophytes

explain how gymnosperms reproduce (draw picture of labelled seed, there are 7 parts)

Draw a diagram of how angiosperms reproduce. There are 7 stages. Make sure to mention which steps are diploid and which steps are haploid.

label all parts of the flower (there are 8 parts,10 including 2 general statments)