Studied by 4 people
What are the 6 characteristics plants must display?
1.multicellular 2.eukaryotic 3.cells made of cellulose 4.do not move 5.Almost all perform photosynthesis 6.reproduction by alternation of generations
What are the 6 steps of the plant life cycle?
1.multicellular to meiosis 2.meiosis to spores 3.spores to multicellular organisms 4.gametuphyte to sex cells 5.sex cells to fertilization 6.fertilization to zygote
What are plants thought to evolve from?
charophytes
What are charophytes?
proist green algae
Why did plants have to evolve certain traits? (2)
in order to breath -in order to protect themselves from dehydration
What are bryophytes?
first land plants to evolve from algae
What do bryophytes do?
absorb water and nutrients in the air by osmosis and diffusion
What 2 traits did bryophytes evolve to have?
cuticle -stomata
What is a cuticle?
waterproof waxy coating
what is stomata?
small pores
What is an example of bryophytes?
mosses
Why are bryophytes so small? (3)
has rhiziods (thin roots)
What are rhizoids?
thin similar to roots
Why are bryophytes pioneers?
No true roots, can establish themselves on uninhabited areas
What are 2 benefits of bryophytes?
1.provide organic matter than enhances oil and facilitates plant growth 2.help ecological succession
What is ecological succession
gruadual change in ecosystem over time
Are pioneer species an example of primary or secondary succession?
primary succession
in the reproduction of bryophytes, what does male gametophyte turn into?
antheridia
What carries the sperm in bryophytes reproduction?
raindrop
What does the fertilization process contain
archegonium
What 3 things does fertilization lead to in order?
1.zygote 2.then embryo 3.then female sporophyte
Over time what does the young sporophyte turn into?
female gametophyte
What are the tope of female gamtopytes?
mature sporophytes
Due to spore dispersal, what do the gamotypotes turn into?
1.make gametophyte 2.female gametophyte
What is an example of bryophyte?
peat moss
What are the 3 uses of bryophytes?
1.pioneers 2.gardening 3.mop up oil spills
What are tracheophytes?
plants that have vascular system
What are the vascular systems?
allow plants to transport water and nutrients
What are vascular systems
allow plants to transport water and nutrients
What do vascular systems cause plants to do?
grow taller
What are the 2 groups of tracheophytes?
Pteidopytes Spematophytes
What are the first vascular plants evolve?
ferns
What are 2 characteristics of pteridophytes?
-Have simple roots and stems -Have large leaves
Why are ferns pioneer plants?
-Can grow on bare exposed rocks -Can grow in volcanic ash/forest fires
In pteridophytes reproduction, how the sperm get into the egg?
The male organ extremes sperm from the gametopyte, and the sperm enters the female organ, fertilizalizing the egg
What does the fertilization of the pteridopytes lead to?
zygote
What happens after the zygote gets created?
mitosis
After time what does mitosis help create
sporophyte
What gets created through meiosis?
spores
What is the last phase of the pteridopytes reproduction cycle?
mitosis
What are spermatopytes? (similarity between angiosperm and pteridophytes)
These are vascular plants that reproduce using seeds
What are seeds in relation to plants?
plants embryo
What are the benefits of spermatophytes?
1.Remove limits of water availability for fertilization 2.Allow for greater dispersal
What are cone-bearing plants called?
gymnosperms
Why do gymnosperms have thin needle-like leaves?
Help plants survive harsh dry, hot, and cold weather
How do the female cones become fertilized?
By pollen blown on the wind from male cones
Where do the female cones grow?
upper branches
where do male cones grow?
lower branches
What do all angiosperms have in order to reproduce?
flowers and fruits
what is the alternation of generations in plants?
plants alternate between 2 different life stages or generations in their life cycle
What is the haploid stage in the alternation of generations in plants?
gametophyte
what is the diploid stage in the alternation of generations in plants?
sporophyte
draw the plant life cycle. there are 7 steps. include which steps are haploid and which steps are diploid
draw the bryophytes life cycle. There are 6 stages. Include which stages are haploid and which steps are diploid.
what do bryophytes depend on. to reproduce?
water
what group are pteridophytes apart of?
Tracheophytes
What groups are spermatophytes apart of?
Tracheophytes
For the reproduction of spermatophytes, what does the gametophytes depend on?
sporophytes
What is gymnosperms in a group of?
spermatophytes
what angiosperms in a group of?
spermatophytes
explain how gymnosperms reproduce (draw picture of labelled seed, there are 7 parts)
Draw a diagram of how angiosperms reproduce. There are 7 stages. Make sure to mention which steps are diploid and which steps are haploid.
label all parts of the flower (there are 8 parts,10 including 2 general statments)
Note 
Flashcard (93)