Chapter 3 - Spanish, French, and Dutch Colonization

Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain

• King Ferdinand (Aragon) + Queen Isabella (Castille)
• 1479 - Married and united Spain
• Drove out the Moors, who were Muslims who controlled Iberian Peninsula
• ^^Sponsored Columbus on his New World explorations^^
• Capitalized on treasures in New World

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Missions

• 1493
• Spanish colonization led to peaceful interactions with Native Americans
• In farming villages, the Spaniard converted Native Americans, built churches, and walls to shelter cooperative Native Americans
• Clergymen (Jesuits) wanted to educate Native Americans and assimilate them into the population

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Jesuits

• Approved by Pope in 1540
• Scholarly Roman Catholicism was committed to education
• Founded by Ignatius Loyola
• Catholic Counter-Reformation
• ^^Missionaries in Central/South America + Southwest^^

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Encomiendas

• Granted by Spanish Crown to organize Native American labor
• Spaniards part of the program were entitled to salary + Native American labor
• Native Americans were used in mining + farming + ranching
• When disease + hardships decreased the Native American population, African slaves were imported to take their place

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Pope’s Rebellion

• Pope (a Native American) encouraged resistance to Spanish rule
• ^^1680 - Organized attack in Rio Grande River Valley^^
• Were successful, but the Spanish returned again + re-subjugated the Native American tribes

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Council of the Indies

• 1524 - Begins managing Spanish colonies

• Advisory body that answered to the Crown

• Collected records & information + controlled employees + oversaw clergy in Americas

• Was VERY EFFICIENT + maintained control for 300 years

• When it was removed in the 19th century, colonies weren’t used to autonomy + suffered

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Viceroy

• 1535
• Governed divisions in New World
• Removed & rotated loyal men in power
• ^^Head of civil gov’t + commander of military forces^^
• Other nations liked the model + adopted it for their own colonies

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Columbian Exchange

• 1492
• Started by contact w/ Columbus
• Native Americans previously developed in complete isolation
• Exchanged animals, plants, precious metals, diseases
• Brought to New World - Food, draft animals, fruit trees, grains, olives, grapes, sugarcane, honey bees, new vegetables, coffee beans
• Brought to Old World - Potatoes, tomatoes, squash, pepper, maize, peanuts, vanilla beans, pineapples, new tobacco strains
• Positively impacted world economies
• Native Americans had no immunity to diseases, and many died from European contact

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Bartolome de las Casas

• ^^1552 - Lobbied for better treatment of Native Americans in Spanish military campaigns + encomienda system^^
• Developed the 1st utopian community
• Reform efforts were unsuccessful
• Used writings to justify African slavery (helping Native Americans by using African Americans as slaves instead)

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Junipero Serra

• 1749 - Arrived in North America
• Founded 9 missions in San Diego
• Continued harsh treatment of Native Americans

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Protestant Reformation

• ^^Born from widespread dissatisfaction w/ Roman Catholic Church^^
• Catholic Counter-Reformation
• Colonists went to America seeking freedom
• Protestants believed they had individual callings + Christian duties

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Martin Luther

• 1517 - Wrote the 95 Theses and started the Protestant Reformation, defying the Roman Catholic Church
• Created a connection between Renaissance + Reformation
• Suffered from contradictory impulses (reform vs. liberty of conscience)

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Denominations

• ^^Different interpretations of Bible^^
• Different sects of Christians
• New denominations of Christianity

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John Calvin

• Protestant
• 1536 - Published Institutes of the Christian Religion
• Believed in the sovereignty of God
• Founded Presbyterian + Congregational churches
• Was the mentor of John Knox

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Henry VIII of England

• Tudor King of England
• When the Roman Catholic Church opposed his divorce to Catherine of Aragon, he severed ties to Rome
• Began English Reformation in 1534
• ^^Edward + Mary + Elizabeth (his 3 children) on throne^^
• 1588 - Clash b/w England + Spain, defeated Spanish Armada

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Jacques Cartier

• Worked w/ Giovanni de Verrazano of France
• 3 voyages
• 1534 - Sailed up St. Lawrence River + reported immensely rich region
• Reported large findings of fur

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Northwest Passage

• Nonexistent route to Asia
• Sought after by powerful European nations
• Many explorers searched for it but couldn’t find it
• ^^Many nations wanted to profit from a shorter route to trade w/ China + India^^

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Samuel de Champlain

• Searched for Northwest Passage
• Explored St. Lawrence River + 2 of Great Lakes
• 1608 - Founded Quebec + Montreal settlements
• Allied w/ Huron against Iroquois
• Governor of Montreal

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Coureurs de Bois

• “Runners of the woods”
• Fur-trappers
• Used river system of Appalachian Mts.
• ^^Profited from fur trade w/ Native American tribes^^

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Rene-Robert de la Salle

• Continued to explore Great Lakes
• 1682 - Proved Mississippi River flows into Gulf of Mexico + claimed it for France
• Claimed Louisiana
  • France was unable to maintain such a huge territory of land

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New Amsterdam

• ^^1624 - Peter Minuit buys harbor on Manhattan Island, which was the beginning of the Dutch colony^^
• Fur traders + merchants + shipbuilders
• Colony of New Netherland
• Ethnically diverse
• Eventually became NYC

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Patronships

• Aristocratic Dutch society
• If settlers brought 50 other settlers to New World, they were granted feudal estates in the Hudson River Valley

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Peter Stuyvesant

• 1647 - Governor of New Netherland
• ^^1664 - England absorbed the Dutch colony, and New Amsterdam became an English colony^^
• Diverse colonial population

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BIG PICTURE

• Spanish colonization + subjugated Native Americans and African slaves
• Mission system - Spread Roman Catholicism + control
• Exchanged culture + goods BUT diseases killed Native Americans
• Protestant Reformation - Great change in Europe + people came to New World for religious freedom
• France - Fur trade + competed w/ England
• Dutch - New Amsterdam + colonial diversity

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