Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
King Ferdinand (Aragon) + Queen Isabella (Castille)
1479 - Married and united Spain
Drove out the Moors, who were Muslims who controlled Iberian Peninsula
^^Sponsored Columbus on his New World explorations^^
Capitalized on treasures in New World
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Missions
1493
Spanish colonization led to peaceful interactions with Native Americans
In farming villages, the Spaniard converted Native Americans, built churches, and walls to shelter cooperative Native Americans
Clergymen (Jesuits) wanted to educate Native Americans and assimilate them into the population
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Jesuits
Approved by Pope in 1540
Scholarly Roman Catholicism was committed to education
Founded by Ignatius Loyola
Catholic Counter-Reformation
^^Missionaries in Central/South America + Southwest^^
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Encomiendas
Granted by Spanish Crown to organize Native American labor
Spaniards part of the program were entitled to salary + Native American labor
Native Americans were used in mining + farming + ranching
When disease + hardships decreased the Native American population, African slaves were imported to take their place
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Pope’s Rebellion
Pope (a Native American) encouraged resistance to Spanish rule
^^1680 - Organized attack in Rio Grande River Valley^^
Were successful, but the Spanish returned again + re-subjugated the Native American tribes
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Council of the Indies
1524 - Begins managing Spanish colonies
Advisory body that answered to the Crown
Collected records & information + controlled employees + oversaw clergy in Americas
Was VERY EFFICIENT + maintained control for 300 years
When it was removed in the 19th century, colonies weren’t used to autonomy + suffered
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Viceroy
1535
Governed divisions in New World
Removed & rotated loyal men in power
^^Head of civil gov’t + commander of military forces^^
Other nations liked the model + adopted it for their own colonies
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Columbian Exchange
1492
Started by contact w/ Columbus
Native Americans previously developed in complete isolation
Exchanged animals, plants, precious metals, diseases
Brought to New World - Food, draft animals, fruit trees, grains, olives, grapes, sugarcane, honey bees, new vegetables, coffee beans
Brought to Old World - Potatoes, tomatoes, squash, pepper, maize, peanuts, vanilla beans, pineapples, new tobacco strains
Positively impacted world economies
Native Americans had no immunity to diseases, and many died from European contact
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Bartolome de las Casas
^^1552 - Lobbied for better treatment of Native Americans in Spanish military campaigns + encomienda system^^
Developed the 1st utopian community
Reform efforts were unsuccessful
Used writings to justify African slavery (helping Native Americans by using African Americans as slaves instead)
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Junipero Serra
1749 - Arrived in North America
Founded 9 missions in San Diego
Continued harsh treatment of Native Americans
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Protestant Reformation
^^Born from widespread dissatisfaction w/ Roman Catholic Church^^
Catholic Counter-Reformation
Colonists went to America seeking freedom
Protestants believed they had individual callings + Christian duties
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Martin Luther
1517 - Wrote the 95 Theses and started the Protestant Reformation, defying the Roman Catholic Church
Created a connection between Renaissance + Reformation
Suffered from contradictory impulses (reform vs. liberty of conscience)
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Denominations
^^Different interpretations of Bible^^
Different sects of Christians
New denominations of Christianity
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John Calvin
Protestant
1536 - Published Institutes of the Christian Religion
Believed in the sovereignty of God
Founded Presbyterian + Congregational churches
Was the mentor of John Knox
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Henry VIII of England
Tudor King of England
When the Roman Catholic Church opposed his divorce to Catherine of Aragon, he severed ties to Rome
Began English Reformation in 1534
^^Edward + Mary + Elizabeth (his 3 children) on throne^^
1588 - Clash b/w England + Spain, defeated Spanish Armada
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Jacques Cartier
Worked w/ Giovanni de Verrazano of France
3 voyages
1534 - Sailed up St. Lawrence River + reported immensely rich region
Reported large findings of fur
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Northwest Passage
Nonexistent route to Asia
Sought after by powerful European nations
Many explorers searched for it but couldn’t find it
^^Many nations wanted to profit from a shorter route to trade w/ China + India^^
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Samuel de Champlain
Searched for Northwest Passage
Explored St. Lawrence River + 2 of Great Lakes
1608 - Founded Quebec + Montreal settlements
Allied w/ Huron against Iroquois
Governor of Montreal
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Coureurs de Bois
“Runners of the woods”
Fur-trappers
Used river system of Appalachian Mts.
^^Profited from fur trade w/ Native American tribes^^
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Rene-Robert de la Salle
Continued to explore Great Lakes
1682 - Proved Mississippi River flows into Gulf of Mexico + claimed it for France
Claimed Louisiana
France was unable to maintain such a huge territory of land
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New Amsterdam
^^1624 - Peter Minuit buys harbor on Manhattan Island, which was the beginning of the Dutch colony^^
Fur traders + merchants + shipbuilders
Colony of New Netherland
Ethnically diverse
Eventually became NYC
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Patronships
Aristocratic Dutch society
If settlers brought 50 other settlers to New World, they were granted feudal estates in the Hudson River Valley
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Peter Stuyvesant
1647 - Governor of New Netherland
^^1664 - England absorbed the Dutch colony, and New Amsterdam became an English colony^^
Diverse colonial population
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BIG PICTURE
Spanish colonization + subjugated Native Americans and African slaves
Mission system - Spread Roman Catholicism + control
Exchanged culture + goods BUT diseases killed Native Americans
Protestant Reformation - Great change in Europe + people came to New World for religious freedom
France - Fur trade + competed w/ England
Dutch - New Amsterdam + colonial diversity
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Chapter 3 - Spanish, French, and Dutch Colonization
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
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Missions
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Jesuits
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Encomiendas
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Pope’s Rebellion
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Council of the Indies
1524 - Begins managing Spanish colonies
Advisory body that answered to the Crown
Collected records & information + controlled employees + oversaw clergy in Americas
Was VERY EFFICIENT + maintained control for 300 years
When it was removed in the 19th century, colonies weren’t used to autonomy + suffered
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Viceroy
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Columbian Exchange
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Bartolome de las Casas
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Junipero Serra
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Protestant Reformation
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Martin Luther
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Denominations
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John Calvin
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Henry VIII of England
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Jacques Cartier
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Northwest Passage
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Samuel de Champlain
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Coureurs de Bois
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Rene-Robert de la Salle
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New Amsterdam
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Patronships
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Peter Stuyvesant
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BIG PICTURE
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