Chapter 3 - Spanish, French, and Dutch Colonization

Protestants

________- Individual calling + Christian duty.

Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain

Catholic Monarchs whose marriage and joint rule marked the de facto unification of Spain

Roman Catholic Church

________ opposed divorce to Catherine of Aragon → Severed ties to Rome.

Missions

The Spanish created new communities where the Native Americans received religious education and instruction

Jesuits

Scholarly Roman Catholicism who were committed to education

Encomiendas

A grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area

Pope’s Rebellion

An uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México

Council of the Indies

The most important administrative organ of the Spanish Empire for the Americas and those territories it governed

Viceroy

The governor of a country or province who rules as the representative of a king or sovereign

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of diseases, ideas, food. crops, and populations between the New World and the Old World following the voyage to the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492

Bartolome de las Casas

A 16th-century Spanish landowner, friar, priest, and bishop, famed as a historian and social reformer

Junipero Serra

A Spanish Roman Catholic priest and missionary of the Franciscan Order

Protestant Reformation

Resulted in the creation of a branch of Christianity called Protestantism, a name used collectively to refer to the many religious groups that separated from the Roman Catholic Church due to differences in doctrine

Martin Luther

The seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation and the namesake of Lutheranism

John Calvin

A French theologian, pastor, and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation

Henry VIII of England

Tudor King of England

Jacques Cartier

The first European to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River

Northwest Passage

The sea route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America via waterways through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago

Samuel de Champlain

Made between 21 and 29 trips across the Atlantic Ocean, and founded Quebec, and New France

Rene-Robert de la Salle

A 17th-century French explorer and fur trader in North America

New Amsterdam

A settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island

Peter Stuyvesant

A Dutch colonial officer who served as the last Dutch director-general of the colony of New Netherland from 1647 until it was ceded provisionally to the English in 1664