Molecules of Life

chemical composition of bacterial cell

-mainly composed of water, rest is proteins

-cell may contain 1000 dif types of organic molecules

-can be classified into 4 families

what are the 4 families of biomolecules

-carbohydrates

-proteins

-nucleic acids

-lipids

carb monomer

-monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds

protein monomer

amino acid joined by peptide bonds

nucleic acids monomer

nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds

lipids monomer

fatty acids and glycerol joined by ester bonds

carbohydrates functions

-energy source

-structural component

-signallingpro

proteins functions

-structural support

-enzymes

-movement

-hormones

nucleic acids functions

-stored genetic information

-energy source (ATP)

lipids functions

-long term energy source

-membrane component

-hormones

polar

an unequal distribution of charge, creating partial or full positive or negative charges

chemical property of water

-polar

-unequal distribution of charge: creates full/partial -ve & =ve charges

what kind of environment is cell

-aqueous: water based environment 

-most proteins and other molecules within cell have to interact w/ water

-cytosol is mainly water

cytosolic proteins

-have side chains that are hydrophilic as they are in cytosol

hydroxyl structural formula and where they are found in

carbonyl structural formula and where they are found in

carboxyl structural formula and where they are found in

amino structural formula and where they are found in

phosphate structural formula and where they are found in

carb molecular formula

-CnH2nOn

carb chemical property

-hydrophilic

-polar due to hydroxyl group

-water soluble

carb func grp

-carbonyl

-hydroxyl

how are monosaccharides classified

-if they contain aldehyde: aldoses (carbonyl group at the end)

-if they contain ketone: ketoses (carbonyl group in middle)

carbohydrate ring formation 

-in aqueous solution 5 and 6 carbon sugars spontaneously form ring structures

-only 1:40,000 glucose molecules are linear 

how does ring structure form from carbon sugar

-carbonyl group on C1 reacts with hydroxyl group on C5

how does ring structure form from carbon sugar diagram

monosaccharide isomerism

-optical isomers: D or L isomer

-structural isomers

-epimers

what is the difference between enantiomers and general optical isomers?

-enantiomer is an example of an optical isomer

-can rotate a plane of polarised light in equal but oppo directions

which optical isomer is naturally occurring

-most naturally occurring sugars are d isomer

-L isomers cannot be metabolised by the body

-eg: D glucose (dextrose can be metabolised by glucose pathway but L glucose cannot)

what are epimers and give example

-stereoisomers that duffer in configuration at a single asymmetric carbon

why cant we digest beta glucose

we dont have enzymes that can break beta linkage

how complex carbohydrates formed 

-glycosidic bonds formed between monosaccharides 

-a or B config locked when bond is formed 

maltose diagram and linkage

cellobiose diagram and linkage

disaccharides

2 monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bond

sucrose diagram and linkage

what does sucrose consist of

2 anomeric carbons (straight chain carbons that are turned into cyclic) linked

lactose diagram and linkage

how is galactose digested 

-lactase

-galactose enter metabolism through conversion to glucose-1-phosphate

polysaccharides of glucose function

act as energy stores

types of polysaccharides in plants

starch:

-amylose

-amylopectin

types of polysaccharides in animals

glycogen

amylose structure 

-linear

-not very soluble

-forms hydrated micelles

-at least 1000 glucose units

amylose structure diagram and linkage

glycogen structure diagram and linkage

glycine diagram 

alanine diagram 

valine diagram 

leucine diagram 

isoleucine diagram 

phenylamine diagram 

methionine diagram 

proline diagram 

tryptophan diagram 

serine diagram 

threonine diagram 

tyrosine diagram 

cysteine diagram 

asparagine diagram 

glutamine diagram 

aspartic acid diagram 

glutamic acid diagram 

histidine diagram 

base

lysine diagram 

base

arginine diagram 

base

glycine property

-gly or g

-non polar

-not strongly hydrophobic 

alanine property

-ala or a

-non polar hydrophobic

phenylalanine property

-phe or F

-hydrophobic

tyrosine property

-tyr or Y 

-non polar

-hydrophobic/philic (uncharged polar)

serine property

-ser or s

-hydrophilic

-uncharged polar

cysteine property

-cys or c

-non-polar hydrophobic/hydrophilic (uncharged polar)

aspartic acid/ aspartate property

-asp or d

-hydrophilic

-charged, acidic

glutamic acid/ glutamate property

-glu or E

-hydrophilic

-charged

-acidic

asparagine property

-asn or n

-hydrophilic

-uncharged polar

glutamine property

-gln or q

-hydrophilic

-uncharged polar

lysine property

-lys or k

-hydrophilic

-charged

-basic

arginine property

-arg or r

-hydrophilic

-charged, basic

histidine property

-his or h

-hydrophilic

-charged, basic/uncharged polar

-easily gains or loses a proton at pH 7

proline property

-pro or p

-non polar hydrophobic

valine property

-val or v

-non polar hydrophobic

leucine property

-leu or l

-non polar hydrophobic 

isoleucine property

-ile or I

-non polar hydrophobic

tryptophan

-trp or w

-non polar hydrophobic

methionine

-met or m

-non polar hydrophobic

thronine

-thr or t

-hydrophilic

-uncharged polar