Psychology Exam 2

Quiz 6, Quiz 8, Quiz 9

Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner’s work with “little Albert”?

It would be unethical by today’s research standards.

The ________ theory explains that the immediate associations involved in a conditioned taste aversion are a result of adaptation that helps us learn to avoid foods that are potentially harmful

evolutionary

Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be conditioned

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed

partial

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

 

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments

Dave’s boss told him that he doesn’t have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave’s boss is using ________

negative reinforcement

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley’s nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________

conditioned response

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning

associative

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________

extinction

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle’s father is a ________

model

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning

 

Edward C. Tolman

In Pavlov’s classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________.

learned

Which of the following is an example of instinct?

 

baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

 

One can learn new behaviors by observing others

According to psychologist ________ classical conditioning is effective because of the ability of a person or animal to predict the relationship between the UCS and the CS

Rescorla

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning

latent

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light

cognitive map

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged?

another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. Because I am actively and consciously remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________ memory

explicit

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

What was the overall result of Lashley’s research that sought out the engram of human memory?

He found no evidence that an engram actually exists

Ebbinghaus found that about one day after you learn new material, you will only remember ____ percent of it if you have not reviewed it a second time

30

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?

amygdala

Within the semantic network model of memory, what would happen to concepts that are related to (or attached) to one that is currently being activated by thinking about it?

They would also be activated, though at a lower level

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness

The famous case of H.M. demonstrated ________ amnesia, a condition in which a person can remember previously encoded memories but cannot encode new ones

anterograde

Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory

arousal

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees cars driving on television, she says, “Look mommy, truck!” This exemplifies ________.

assimilation

Which theorist is credited with proposing the psychosexual stages of development?

Sigmund Freud

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother’s birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

egocentrism

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

Physical

Which of the following illustrates conservation?

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices

Age-specific approximations of when a certain skill or ability should first occur in normal development are called developmental ________

milestones

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills

fine

Adolescents (ages 12–18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. Erik Erikson would argue that during this period adolescents face the________ task of development

identity vs. confusion

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, “Look mommy, apples!” His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________

accommodation

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills

gross

You begin to salivate when you smell you favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ______

stimulus discrimination

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and a joey (baby kangaroo) moving to its mother’s pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ______

instincts

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dogs, cat, and bird. This is an example of ______ encoding

semantic

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells “the man with the blue shirt did it.” Later, when questioned by the police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ______, or the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.

suggestibility

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ______, because you are comparing the information in front o you to that which is already stored in your long-term memory.

recognition

Recent research conducted by Cowan (2010) has found that the capacity of working memory is how many units of information?

4 plus or minus 1

Your memory of how to ride a bike is probably something that you don’t actively think about about while you’re riding. You just sort of “do it” without thinking of how to do it. This is an example of a(n) ______ memory.

implicit

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?

hippocampus

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookies under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookies is still there. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

During Piaget’s proposed ______ stage of development, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations. At the same time they lack the ability to think abstractly.

concrete operational

During adolescence there is a tendency to see people engage in higher levels of risk-taking behavior. Emotional outbursts are also quite common. This is explained by the relative underdevelopment of the ______ lobe of the cerebral cortex

frontal

______ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity

Cognitive

Which theorist promoted the idea that development is fundamentally affected by one’s culture as well as their interactions with their own environment?

Vygotsky

A(n) ______ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge

zygote

______ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information

Schemata

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

genes and biology

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. Within the psychosocial model of development, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

integrity vs. despair