Ch 8 - Introduction to Solutions and Aqueous Reactions (Expectations)

What determines if a compound forms a precipitate in a precipitation reaction?

The solubility rules determine if a compound forms a precipitate. Insoluble compounds precipitate out of solution.

Explain the difference between strong and weak electrolytes in aqueous solutions.

Strong electrolytes fully dissociate into ions in water, whereas weak electrolytes only partially dissociate.

How can you identify spectator ions in a reaction?

Spectator ions are present in the same form on both sides of the ionic equation and do not participate in the reaction change.

What is the importance of a net ionic equation?

A net ionic equation shows only the species that participate in the reaction, omitting spectator ions to highlight the actual chemical change.

How is molarity used in stoichiometric calculations?

Molarity relates the moles of solute to the volume of solution, allowing for conversion between moles and volume in stoichiometric calculations.

Describe how the dilution equation (M1V1 = M2V2) is applied in solution chemistry.

The dilution equation is used to calculate the concentration of a solution after dilution by equating the initial and final number of moles of solute.

Differentiate between 'dissolve' and 'dissociate' in the context of aqueous solutions.

'Dissolve' refers to a substance becoming evenly dispersed in a solvent, whereas 'dissociate' refers to the substance breaking into ions.

What are Arrhenius acids and bases, and how are they classified?

Arrhenius acids release H+ ions in water, while bases release OH- ions. They are classified as strong or weak based on their degree of dissociation.

How is the formation of a hydronium ion represented in a chemical equation?

The formation of a hydronium ion is represented as H⁺ + H₂O → H₃O⁺.

In oxidation-reduction reactions, how do you identify if a species is oxidized or reduced?

Oxidation involves an increase in oxidation state, while reduction involves a decrease in oxidation state.

Why do higher-charged ions tend to form precipitates more readily?

Higher-charged ions form stronger electrostatic interactions, which can exceed solvation energy, leading to precipitate formation.

What defines a nonelectrolyte in solution chemistry?

A nonelectrolyte is a substance that does not produce ions in solution and therefore does not conduct electricity.

What is the role of a titration in determining solute concentration?

Titration involves adding a reactant of known concentration to a solution to determine the concentration of another substance through stoichiometric reactions.

Describe a characteristic feature of most bases and provide an exception.

Most bases are metal hydroxides, which dissociate to release OH- ions. An exception is NH₃, which is a weak base not containing hydroxide ions.

How does one use solubility rules to predict the outcome of mixing two ionic solutions?

By using solubility rules, one can determine which combinations of ions will form insoluble salts, predicting the precipitate in the reaction.