NETWORKING MIDTERMS

LESSON 1-3

Computer networking

is the practice of connecting two or more computers and devices together so they can share data, resources, and communicate with each other.

Data Communications

is how computers and devices send and receive information with each other using signals, cables, or wireless connections.

Computers

is an electronic device that can store, process, and display information, and is used to do tasks like typing, browsing the internet, watching videos, and playing games.

Data

is raw facts or numbers with no meaning on their own.

Information

is data that has been organized or processed to make it useful.

5G and 6G Technology

Faster mobile networks that allow quicker downloads, smoother video calls, and better performance for smart devices.

WiFi6 and WiFi7

New versions of Wi-Fi that give faster and more stable internet, especially in crowded places like schools or malls.

Cloud Networking

Using the internet (“the cloud”) to manage, store, and access network resources instead of using local servers.

Software-Defined Networking

A smarter way to control networks using software, making them easier to manage and more flexible.

Network Automation

Networks can now fix or adjust themselves automatically using scripts or AI, saving time and effort.

AI on Networking

AI helps detect problems, improve security, and manage network traffic more efficiently.

Cybersecurity Enhancements

Stronger protection is being added to networks to stop hackers, viruses, and data theft.

Edge Computing

Brings data processing closer to where it's needed (like on your phone or nearby servers), instead of relying only on faraway data centers.

Green Networking

Using energy-efficient hardware and smart designs to reduce power consumption and help the environment.

Network Administrator

Manages and maintains computer networks in offices, schools, or companies.

Network Engineer

Designs and builds networks to make sure everything connects and works smoothly.

Network Technician

Installs, repairs, and troubleshoots network hardware like cables, routers, and switches.

Systems Administrator

Takes care of servers and network systems, ensuring they run properly every day.

Cybersecurity Specialist

Protects networks from hackers, viruses, and other threats.

Cloud Network Specialist

Works with cloud platforms (like AWS or Azure) to manage online networks and services.

ComptIA Network+

A beginner-friendly certification that covers basic networking concepts, devices, and troubleshooting.

CompTIA A+

Covers general IT skills including networking, hardware, and troubleshooting—often a first step into IT.

Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA)

Teaches how to install, configure, and troubleshoot Cisco routers and switches; great for entry-level networking jobs.

Microsoft Certified

Azure Fundamentals

Juniper Networks Certified Associate (JNCIA)

Covers networking fundamentals using Juniper devices—an alternative to Cisco certifications.

Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH)

Trains professionals to test and secure networks against hacking threats.

Server

A powerful computer that provides services or data to other computers in the network (like websites or files).

Router

Connects different networks together and directs data to its destination—often connects your home to the internet.

Switch

Connects multiple devices within the same network (like in a classroom or office) and sends data only where it's needed.

Hub

Connects multiple devices within the same network. The difference between Switch and ____ is

Modem

Translates signals from your internet service provider (ISP) so your devices can connect to the internet.

Network Interface Card

A hardware component (built-in or external) that allows a computer or device to connect to a network.

Access Point (AP)

Provides wireless (Wi-Fi) access to a wired network, often used in schools or businesses.

Network Cables

Physical wires (like Cat5 or Cat6) that carry data between devices in a wired network.

Firewall

A security tool (hardware or software) that blocks harmful traffic and protects the network from threats.

IP Address

A unique number assigned to each device in the network to help identify and communicate with it.

OSI Model

A conceptual framework that divides network communication into seven layers, each handling a specific task. It provides a standardized way to understand and troubleshoot network issues.

OSI Model

Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, Physical (7)

TCP/IP Model

A practical model that is widely used in the internet. It's a simpler, four-layer model that maps closely to how data is actually transmitted over networks.

TCP/IP Model

Application, (Host-to-Host) Transport, Internet, Network Interface, (Hardware) (4)

Local Area Network (LAN)

A small network within one area like a home, school, or office.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A network that covers a city or large campus.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

A large network that connects devices over long distances.

Wireless LAN (WLAN)

A wireless version of LAN that uses Wi-Fi to connect devices.

Personal Area Network (PAN)

A very small network around one person using devices like phones and laptops.

Storage Area Network (SAN)

A high-speed network that provides access to large amounts of storage.

Internet

is a global network that connects millions of computers and devices, allowing people to share information, communicate, and access websites and online services.

Internet Connection

is the way a computer, phone, or device gets access to the internet so it can browse websites, watch videos, send messages, and more.

Internet Service Provider

is a company or organization that provides people, schools, and businesses with access to the internet. They send the internet signal to your home or device through wires (like fiber or DSL) or wireless signals (like 4G/5G).

ISP Functions

Provides internet access, offers internet plans, installs network equipment, manages bandwidth and speed, ensures security and filtering, provides technical support (6)

ISP Types

Dial Up ISP (Old technology), DSL ISP (Digital Subscriber Line), Cable ISP, Fiber Optic ISP, Wireless ISP, Mobile data ISP, Satellite ISP (7)

Features of Reliable Network

High Availability, Fast Recovery, Consistent Speed, Security, Redundancy

Reliable Network

is one that works consistently, is always available, quick to recover from problems, and secure from failures or attacks.

High Availability

stays up and running with very little downtime.

Fast Recovery

If there’s a problem, the network can fix or reroute data quickly.

Consistent Speed

Users can access files, websites, or services without sudden slowdowns.

Security

Keeps your data safe from hackers.

Redundancy

Backup systems (like extra routers or cables) are in places in case something fails.

Reference Model

Is a conceptual framework that describes how different network components and processes work together to enable communication between devices.

Reference Model

It provides a standard set of guidelines so that hardware and software from different manufacturers can work together, ensuring compatibility and interoperability.

Abstraction

Network ____ is the idea of hiding the complex details of how a network works and showing only the important parts that users or programs need to see.

Standardization

Network standardization means creating common rules and guidelines so that all network devices, software, and systems can work together smoothly, no matter who made them.

Modular Design

Network modular design is building a network in separate, independent parts (modules) so each part can be managed, upgraded, or fixed without affecting the whole system.

Troubleshooting

Network troubleshooting is the process of finding and fixing problems in a computer network to make sure devices can connect and communicate properly.

Education

Network education is learning how computer networks work, including how they are built, managed, and kept secure, so people can use and improve them effectively.

OSI Model

Explains networking in 7 layers (like building blocks) so different systems can communicate.

TCP/IP Model

A 4-layer practical model used in real-world internet communication.

Hybrid Model

Combines ideas from OSI and TCP/IP to explain concepts in a simpler way.

Proprietary Model

Company-specific models (e.g., Cisco’s hierarchical model) for designing and managing networks.

Network Access Layer

Handles the physical hardware (cables, Wi-Fi, Ethernet) and how data is placed on the network.

Internet Layer

(Definition not explicitly provided in the text, but typically handles routing and logical addressing)

Transport Layer

Ensures correct delivery of data between devices.

Application Layer

Where users and applications interact (e.g., websites, email, file transfers).

Physical Layer

Deals with cables, switches, Wi-Fi signals, and how bits (Os and Is) travel.

Data Link Layer

Makes sure data moves from one device to another without errors (uses MAC addresses).

Network Layer

Decides the best path for data (uses IP addresses).

Transport Layer

Ensures data arrives correctly and in order (TCP/UDP).

Session Layer

Manages communication sessions between applications.

Presentation Layer

Translates data into a format applications understand (encryption/decryption, compression/decompression, file formats).

Application Layer

Where the user interacts (websites, email, apps).