Science 10 Exam

Interphase

First stage of cell division, growth of the cell, DNA replication, preparation for cell division, 90 % of the time

Prophase

Second stage of cell division, nuclear membrane breaks down, chromosomes are condensed so visible under microscope, sister chromatids are held together by centromere

Metaphase

Third stage of cell division, chromosomes are aligned along the middle of cell nucleus

Anaphase

Fourth stage of cell division, paired chromosomes separate and move to opposite sides of the cell

Telophase

Fifth stage of cell division, chromatids arrive at opposite pole fomring new nuclear membranes around daughter nuclei, choromosomes no long visible under microscope

Centromere

Region of chromosome where two sister chromatids are joined together and where spindle fibers attach during cell division

Chromatid

One of two halves of replicated chromosome that are joined together at the centromere

Cytokinesis

Sixth stage of cell division, cytoplasm divides producting two identical daughter cells

Mitosis

Process where a single cell divides to produce two identical daugher cells

Spindle Fiber

Protein structure that forms during cell division and helps pull chromosomes apart to opposite ends of the cell

Cell Plate

Structure that forms during plant cell division to create cell wall

Chromosome

Thread-like structure made of DNA and proteins that carries the genetic infromation of a cell

Cell Membrane

Thin flexible barrier that surrounds cell controlling what enters and leaves it

What is the function of the cell wall?

Provides structure, support, and protection.

In which types of cells is the cell wall found?

Plant, fungal, and some bacterial cells.

What is the main component of the cell wall in plants?

Cellulose fibers.

Is the cell wall a rigid or flexible structure?

Rigid.

Central Vacuole

Large storage organelle only in plant cells that stores water, nutrients, and waste, helps maintain cell shape and pressure

Centriole

Cylindrical cell structure found only in animal fibres that help organize spindle fibres during cell division

Chloroplast

Organelle only found in plant cell that creates photosynthesis

What process do chloroplasts perform?

Photosynthesis.

What do chloroplasts create from light energy?

Chemical energy.

What pigment is found in chloroplasts?

Chlorophyll.

Chromoplast

Type of plastid only in plant cells storing pigments giving it's colour

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like substance inside the cell surrounding the organlles holding them in place

Cytoskeleton

Cell's structural framework that maintains its shape and helps move organelles and the cell itself.

Golgi Apparatus

Organelle in a cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the cell

Leukoplast

Colourless Organelle only found in plant cells storing starch, oils, proteins

Lysosome

Organlle that contains digestive enzymes to break down waste, damaged organelles, and foreign materials

function of mitochrondria

They produce energy by converting nutrients into ATP.

What is often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell?

Mitochondria

Cristae

Internal folds of the mitochrondria

What process occurs in mitochondria?

Cellular respiration

Nuclear Membrane

Double layered barrier surrounding and protecting the nucleus controlling what enters and leaves it

Nucleolus

Structure inside nucleus that makes ribosomes

Nucleoplasm

Jelly-like fluid insde the nucleus supporting and protecting the DNA and nucleolus

Nucleus

Cell's control center that stores DNA and directs all celluar activities

Ribosome

Tiny structure that builds proteins by linking amino acids together

Rough Endoplasmic Recticulum

Network of membrane tubes covered in ribosomes that helps make and transport proteins

Smooth endoplasmic recticulum

Network of membranes that makes lipids and helps detoxify harmful substances

Vacuole

Storage organelle that hold water, nutrients, and waste to help maintain the cell's shape and balance

Cristae

Folded inner membranes inside mitochondria

Eukaryotic Cells

Have a nucleus, organelles, and larger and more complex, found in plants, animals, fungi

Prokaryotic Cells

Do not have a nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, smaller and simpler, found in bacteria and archae

Thylakoids

disc-shaped structures inside chloroplasts where light energy is captured to power photosynthesis.

Archaea

Ancient single celled organisms that have unique cell membranes and DNA

Diffusion

Movement of high to low concentration (no energy)

Osmosis

Movement of Water

Active Transport

Movement of low to high concentration (requires energy)

cell differentiation

the process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific structure or function.

Stem Cell

An unspecialized cell only in animals that can divide to form specialized cells

Embryonic

Stem cells that can differientiate to form any type of cell

Somatic

Stem cell that can differentiate to form certain types of cells

Epitheial Tissue

Tightly packed cells that cover the body's surface that allows materials to pass through easily

Connective Tissue

Supports, protects, and connects organs such as blood, bone, ligaments, and cartilage

Nerve Tissue

Make up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves throughout body

Muscle Tissue

Made of special cells that can contract all at the same time

Voluntary Muscle Tissue

Muscles that you can decide to move

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Muscle that moves automatically

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Involuntary muscle that lines the walls of the heart

Digestive Tract

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

Mouth

Breaks down food by chewing and with enzymes

Esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach

Stomach

Holds food and continues the digestion process

Small Intestine

6m long and main location for food digestion, creating mucus, and enzymes

Large Intestine

Where waste that could not be dissolved goes to

Rectum

Stoarge area for solid waste

Anus

2 sphnincter muscles that removes waste

Salivary Gland

Produces saliva to make swallowing easier

Liver

filters the blood and produces bile

Gallbladder

Stores and secrets bile produced by liver

Pancreas

Organ that secretes carbonates to neutralize the acid from stomach

Respiratory System

Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide.

Trachea

Allows air to pass to and from lungs

Bronchus

one of the two tubes that connect the lungs with the trachea

Bronchioles

Airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli.

Alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

Diaphargm

muscle that causes breathing in and out

circulatory system

Transports oxygen, waste, nutrients, hormones, heat, etc… around the body

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart, rich in co2

Artery

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart, rich in o2

Capillary

A tiny blood vessel where substances are exchanged between the blood and the body cells.

Platelets

blood clotting

Plasma

Liquid part of blood that helps control volume of blood

Hemoglobin

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.

Aorta

Largest artery in the body

Compound

Two or more elements chemically joined.

Mixture

Substances combined, not chemically bonded.

Periodic Table

Organizes elements by atomic number.

Ion

Atom with a charge

Ionic Bond

Electron transfer between atoms attracting them together

Covalent Bond

Atoms share electrons to achieve a full valence shell

Isotope

An atom that has a different number of neutrons

Cation

When an atom loses electrons

Anion

When an atom gains electrons

Isotope Formula

Atomic Name - Isotope Atomic Weight

Electron Stability

Atoms always want a full electrons shell

Protons change

New element

Neutrons Change

Isotope forms

Electrons Change

Ion forms