GBIO 107- Oliver Ljustina Animal Body Plans

Animalia

-Animals are eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms belonging to the kingdom

1.5 million

More than ____ species of animal have been described, and many more remained to be discovered

Ediacaran period

The first animals evolved during the ____ (635-545 mya)

Cambrian period

Majority of animal phyla evolved during the ____(540-485 mya)

Cambrian Explosion

The massive diversification is referred to as the

Silurian period

Based on fossil record, first animals (arthropods) moved onto land during the ____(443-416 mya)

Devonian Period

First vertebrates moved onto land during the ____(416-358 mya)

monophyletic group

Animals form a ____

choanoflagellates

Closets relatives of animals are thought to be ____; colonial, heterotrophic protists

Choanocyte

Choanoflagellates are morphologically similar to special cells in sponges called

Morula

Upon formation of a zygote rapid cell division forms a ball of cells called a

Bastula

Morula hollows out to form a

Parazoa

____ sponges have specialized cells, but these do not interact to form tissues

Eumetazoa

All animals that are not parazoans belong to the ____, which have distinct tissues that perform specific functions

Connective, Epithelial, Muscle, Nervous

Four basic tissue types found in animals are:

Connective tissue

supports, binds, or separates other tissues/organ systems

Muscle tissue

contains protein filaments that slide past one another allowing for movement

Nervous tissue

allow animals to respond to stimuli and maintain homeostasis

Epithelial Tissue

line outer and inner surfaces of organs and other tissue types and allow for absorption, secretion, protection, and other functions

gastrula

Cell layers are formed when the blastula folds in on itself forming the

primary germ layers

The gastrula may be lead to the formation of two, or three tissue layers called

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

The three layers of the gastrula are:

Endoderm

The ____ forms the inner-most layer of the gastrula

Endoderm

Epithelial tissues are primarily formed from the

Mesoderm

The ____ forms between the endoderm and the ectoderm in the gastrula

Mesoderm

Many connective tissues are formed from the

Ectoderm

____ is the outermost layer of the gastrula

Ectoderm

Nervous tissues, as well as the outer epithelial tissues (skin) are formed from the

Radiata

have two germ layers

Bilateria

have all three germ layers

Radial symmetry

Radiata include most animals with ____

Bilateria

The majority of animals belong to the ____ which are characterized by bilateral symmetry

Ceophalization

Bilaterally symmetrical animals exhibit ____, meaning sensory structures are concentrated in the head

Blastopore

During gastrulation, a hole is formed called ____

Protostomes

In ____, the first opening of the tube forms the mouth

Deuterostome

____ the first opening of the tube forms the anus

Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, Coelomate

There are three informal groups based on body cavity arrangement:

Acoelomates

____ lack any cavity at all, having semi solid mesodermal tissues between the gut and the body wall

Pseudocoelomates

____ have an incomplete mesoderm lining, which does not allow for arrangement of organs in cavity with same complexity

Coelomates

____ have a body cavity called a coelom with a complete mesoderm lining

incomplete and complete

The eumetazoans have a range of digestive tracts, broadly broken into ____ digestive tracts and ____ digestive tarcts

incomplete digestive tract

In an ____, there is a single opening by through which food is taken, and waste expelled

Gastrovascular cavity

Digestion occurs in the ____

Complete digestive tract

In a ____, food passes in one direction; from the mouth, to the anus

Indirect reproduction

involves distinct lifestyle phases, where a larva undergoes metamorphosis to adulthood

Direct reproduction

does not involve metamorphosis