unit 3 aos 2 hhd

changes in aus health status over time

• improved life expectancy males and females

• decreased mortality rates

• increased prevalence noncommunicable diseases

• decreased prevalence communicable diseases

categories of disease

CRICI

• cancers

• respiratory diseases

• infectious + parasitic diseases

• cardiovascular diseases

• injury and poisoning

disease categories and trends over time

• cancers: decreased over time (e.g. lung cancer decreased prevalence as smoking rates decreased)

• respiratory: general decrease then sudden increase bc COVID-19

• infectious + parasitic: decreased over time as living conditions + tech improved → child mortality, overall mortality rates decreased

• cardiovascular: have decreased but still high levels

• injury and poisoning: public health actions have decreased this significantly e.g. compulsory wearing seatbelts

public health def

collective effort to improve popul’s health status and how govs monitor, regulate and promote health status

why was health st from earlier times not optimal

• poor living conditions

• minimal access clean water

• minimal access sanitation

• less knowledge on good hygiene practices

• overcrowding and poor housing quality

some initiatives with ‘old’ public health

• improved clean water access

• improved sanitation

• mass immunisation programs (not discovery of vaccines themselves)

• better quality housing

• better quality food + nutrition

• safer working conditions

health promotion def

process of allowing ppl to increase control over their health to improve it

biomedical approach to health def

physical/biological aspects of disease and illness involving medical practices by doctors and health professionals —> involved with diagnosis, treatment, curing disease

• individual focused

• focus on condition treatment rather than cause

features of biomedical approach

• focus on ill individuals

• involves disease, illness, disability

• relies on health services by health professionals

• relies on tech to diagnose, treat, cure

advances in med technology e.g. (biomedical approach)

• discovery of antibiotics to treat and reduce mortality rates from infectious diseases

• drug development to treat high bp → reduce morbidity + mortality rates from cardiovascular disease via hypertension management

biomedical approach to health — strengths

• allows many illnesses to be effectively treated via tech improvements

• extends life expectancy

• improves life quality → HALE

biomedical approach to health — limitations

• relies on health professionals and tech → costly → not always affordable to all

• may not always promote good h&w — bc focused on solutions rather than causes of conditions

• not all conditions can be cured/treated → hence optimal h&w may not be restored

social model of health def

approach recognises improvements in h&w achieved by addressing physical, sociocultural, political envos that impact populs

• focuses on cause rather than solution

ottawa charter for health promotion

approach by WHO that aims to reduce health inequalities by 5 action areas used as basis to improve health outcomes

the 5 action areas of the Ottawa Charter

BCSDR (bad cats smell dead rats)

• build healthy public policy

• create supportive envos

• strengthen community action

• develop personal skills

• reorient health services

OTTAWA CHARTER — build healthy public policy

• decisions by govs and orgs about laws and policies to improve popul’s health

• e.g, compulsory wearing of seatbelts

OTTAWA CHARTER - create supportive envos

• promote healthy physical + sociocultural envo for comm where envo is safe, stimulating, satisfying and enjoyable to promote h&w

• e.g. providing shaded areas in school playgrounds

OTTAWA CHARTER - strengthen community action

• comm involved in planning or running a program to achieve common goals of improving their h&w

• e.g. parents working with school and canteen staff to serve healthier foods

OTTAWA CHARTER - develop personal skills

• education of health-related knowledge and skills that let ppl act in specific ways to affect their h&w

• e.g. ability to read food labels and find the energy contents of diff foods to compare them

OTTAWA CHARTER - reorient health services

• changing health system so it promotes h&w → like focus on prevention instead treatment of conditions and considering factors apart from disease as h&w from health professionals

• e.g. docs discuss regular exercise to pre-diabetic patients for prevention of development

social model of health — strengths

• promotes good h&w through prevention rather than treatment

• can be less expensive

• more holistic approach to h&w (focus on all dimensions)

• focus on vulnerable popul grps

• health education can be passed generationally

• responsibility for h&w is shared

social model of health — limitations

• not every condition can be prevented

• doesn’t promote medical advancements e.g. tech

• may not address specific h&w concerns of inds e.g. those sick not focused on

• health promotion messages may be ignored — relies on public cooperation

lung cancer as an example of health approaches improving health outcomes — social model of health + health promotion

• anti-smoking campaigns as a health promotion campaign

• making tobacco products more expensive

• lack of tobacco adverts + sold in plain packaging

• health warnings on cig packets

• banning smoking in pubs + clubs

• has caused effective reduction in smoking rates

lung cancer as an example of health approaches improving health outcomes — biomedical approach

• early diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer important bc has high fatal risk

• improvements in med tech → has increased chance of ind surviving 5 years after diagnosis + better palliative care

• diagnosed by ways like chest x-rays, CT scans, PET scans, bone scans

• treatment by ways like chemotherapy, radiotherapy, removing affected lung parts

palliative care def

improvement of life quality for patients with life-threatening illness → manage symptoms, relieve pain and suffering

old public health def

gov actions that were focused on changing physical envo to prevent disease spread e.g. via improved sanitation and access to clean water