Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory and Horney’s Psychoanalytic Theory

Flashcards based on the concepts from Freud's Psychodynamic Theory and Horney's Psychoanalytic Theory for exam preparation.

Anal Expulsive

A personality type characterized by rebellion and messiness; shows emotional defiance.

Anal Retentive

A personality type that is stingy and prefers to delay gratification, often withholding pleasure.

Anal Compulsive

A personality type that insists on doing things right and seeks to please parents.

Psychological Determinism

The theory that human behavior is determined by underlying laws that govern psychological processes.

Unconscious Mind

Part of the mind that drives behavior through desires, fears, and memories not available to conscious awareness.

Id

The primitive part of personality that seeks immediate gratification based on the pleasure principle.

Ego

The rational part of personality that mediates between the id and reality, functioning under the reality principle.

Superego

The part of personality representing internalized moral standards and societal norms.

Fixation

A state where a person's development is stuck in a certain psychosexual stage.

Erogenous Zone

A sensitive area of the body from which pleasure is derived when stimulated.

Castration Anxiety

A fear in boys during the phallic stage that they will lose their penis.

Penis Envy

A concept describing a girl's unconscious desire for a penis and jealousy of male privilege.

Primary Process Thinking

Irrational and illogical thought processes associated with the id, differentiating between reality and fantasy.

Secondary Process (EGO)

Thought processes that are logical and can be articulated clearly, related to the ego.

Defense Mechanisms

Unconscious strategies employed by the ego to reduce anxiety and manage conflicts between id and superego.

Oedipus Complex

A child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent and rivalry with the same-sex parent.

Basic Anxiety

A feeling of insecurity and helplessness that develops in childhood when a child feels unloved or threatened.

Neurotic Trends

Three psychological strategies (moving toward, against, or away from people) used to cope with basic anxiety.

Horney’s Concept of Basic Hostility

Repressed anger that develops in children towards parents who do not provide security.

Womb Envy

Horney's idea that men may envy women’s biological and creative abilities rather than their anatomy.

Systematic Desensitization

A therapeutic technique to reduce phobia by gradually exposing a person to the feared stimulus while ensuring relaxation.

Operant Conditioning

A learning process where behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment.

Classical Conditioning

A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

Sexual

pleasure that motivates human behavior

Regression

when you return to the behavior from the previous stage

Primary Process Thingking

A mental functioning that seeks immediate satisfaction of desires and needs, often disregarding reality or social norms. It operates unconsciously and is part of Freud's theory of the id.

Secondary Process

Thinking that involves planning and consideration of reality, allowing the individual to delay gratification. It is a function of the ego in Freud's psychodynamic theory.

Mower’s Factor Theory

A theory suggesting that behavior is determined by the interaction of two factors: classical and operant conditioning. It emphasizes how these learning processes influence behavioral responses.

Five stages of personality

development according to Freud, including oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages; each stage is associated with specific conflicts and challenges.

Oral stage

The first stage of Freud's psychosexual development, lasting from birth to about 18 months, where the infant's pleasure centers on the mouth, involving activities such as sucking and biting.

Anal stage

The second stage of Freud's psychosexual development, occurring from 18 months to about three years, where the child's focus of pleasure is on bowel and bladder control, leading to conflicts over toilet training.

phallic stage

The third stage of Freud's psychosexual development, occurring from about three to six years, where the child's pleasure focuses on the genitals and they become aware of their bodies and the difference between sexes, often leading to the Oedipus and Electra complex.

Latency stage

The fourth stage of Freud's psychosexual development, from age six to puberty, characterized by a time of relative calm where sexual feelings are suppressed and children focus on developing skills, friendships, and social relationships.

Genital stage

The final stage of Freud's psychosexual development, beginning in puberty and continuing into adulthood, where sexual maturity is reached and individuals seek to establish intimate relationships and contribute to society.

Horney’s Psychoanalytic Theory

Know Horney’s reaction to Freud’s theory, what she agreed with, and what she disagreed with

Horney's Psychoanalytic Theory suggests that while she agreed with Freud on the importance of childhood experiences, she disagreed with his emphasis on sexual drives and the idea that women are defined by their anatomy. Instead, she focused on the role of social and cultural factors in shaping personality.

Know two important contributions to Freud’s theory that Horney proposed

Horney proposed the concepts of "basic anxiety" and "neurotic needs" as crucial contributions to Freud's theory, emphasizing the influence of social relationships on psychological development.

wo Important Contributions Karen Horney Made to Freud’s Theory

Horney suggested "basic anxiety," referring to feelings of helplessness in a hostile world, and "neurotic needs," which are excessive and unrealistic demands individuals place on themselves and others in response to that anxiety.

Know Horney’s views of penis envy and womb envy

Horney criticized the concept of penis envy, arguing that it stemmed from social and cultural factors rather than biological ones. Instead, she introduced the idea of womb envy, suggesting that men may feel envious of women's ability to bear children and nurture.

Know the two needs that Horney believed infants had

Horney believed that infants have two essential needs: the need for safety, which protects them from basic anxiety, and the need for affection, which fosters emotional security and connection.

Know what parenting behaviors Horney believed led to unhealthy or neurotic trends in coping

Horney believed that parenting behaviors such as inconsistency, overprotection, and favoritism could lead to unhealthy coping mechanisms in children, fostering feelings of insecurity and anxiety.

Know the three neurotic trends or coping orientations (Each has 2 names) and what behaviors a person with each orientation does to cope with basic anxiety

Horney identified three neurotic trends: moving toward people (compliance), moving against people (aggression), and moving away from people (detachment). Each trend reflects a way of coping with basic anxiety through either seeking approval, asserting dominance, or withdrawing emotionally.

Know the research discussed about the personality types proposed by Horney

Horney's research proposed three main personality types: the compliant type, who seeks affirmation and approval; the aggressive type, who seeks power and control; and the detached type, who seeks independence and self-sufficiency. Each type represents a different response to anxiety and the need for security in relationships.

Know the strengths and weaknesses of the theory

The strengths of Horney's theory include its emphasis on social and cultural factors in personality development and its focus on interpersonal relationships as key to understanding neuroses. However, the weaknesses lie in its lack of empirical support and the difficulty in measuring some of the concepts related to anxiety and neurosis.

Learning or Behavioral Theory

A psychological perspective that emphasizes the role of environmental influences and experiences in shaping behavior. It focuses on how behaviors are learned through conditioning, reinforcement, and observation.

higher-order conditioning

A learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus through its pairing with a conditioned stimulus, leading to a conditioned response.

spontaneous recovery

A phenomenon in classical conditioning where a previously extinguished conditioned response re-emerges after a rest period without further conditioning. When reinforcement goes away

Systematic desensitization

A behavioral therapy technique used to reduce anxiety responses through gradual exposure to feared stimuli in a controlled manner, often combined with relaxation techniques.

In vivo vs. imaginal

exposure techniques used in systematic desensitization to reduce fear or anxiety, where in vivo refers to real-life exposure and imaginal refers to imagined scenarios.

Extinction

In classical conditioning, extinction is the process by which a conditioned response decreases or disappears after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.

Exposure

techniques used to help individuals face their fears or anxieties by gradually increasing their exposure to the feared object or context.

Flooding

a behavioral therapy technique that involves exposing the individual to their most feared stimuli in a safe environment, allowing them to experience the fear without any negative consequences.

Continuous vs partial reinforcement

is a concept in operant conditioning that refers to the different schedules of reinforcement, where continuous reinforcement provides a reward after every behavior and partial reinforcement gives rewards intermittently.

Stimulus generalization

the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus, leading to a similar response.

Know the law of effect

The law of effect states that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to occur.

b. how does law of effect operates in a response hierarchy

The law of effect operates by determining which responses are strengthened or weakened based on their outcomes. In a response hierarchy, behaviors yielding positive outcomes are prioritized and likely repeated, while those resulting in negative outcomes are diminished.

Know the principle of operant conditioning

The principle of operant conditioning refers to the method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior, influencing the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

the meaning of reinforcement and punishment

Reinforcement is a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, while punishment is a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring.

two kinds of reinforcement and punishment

Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

Positive reinforcement

is the addition of a rewarding stimulus following a desired behavior, which increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.

Negative reinforcement

is the removal of an aversive stimulus following a desired behavior, thereby increasing the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.

how to “undo” operant behavior

This can be achieved through methods such as punishment or extinction, where the consequences of the behavior are modified to decrease its occurrence.

Principle of classical conditioning

is a learning process that pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

Stimuli and responses involves in classical conditioning

The neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus work together to produce a conditioned response through repeated pairing.

Example of classical conditioning process

is the famous Pavlov's dog experiment where a bell (neutral stimulus) is paired with food (unconditioned stimulus) to make the dog salivate (conditioned response) when hearing the bell.

How to recognize and apply classical conditioning in everyday life

Involves identifying stimuli that trigger responses, such as using rewards or associations to modify behavior in various contexts, like training pets or influencing learning.

How to undo classical conditioning

Involves a process called extinction, where the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus over time, leading to a decrease in the conditioned response.

what we are learning about reconsolidation of memory

is the process where memories are recalled and potentially altered before they are stored again, highlighting the malleable nature of memory.

Mowrer’s Two-Factor Theory

explains that both classical and operant conditioning are involved in the learning of fear responses. It asserts that anxiety can be conditioned through experiences and then maintained through reinforcement.

the meaning of escape learning vs avoidance learning

Escape learning refers to the process of learning to perform a specific behavior to terminate an unpleasant stimulus, while avoidance learning involves learning to perform a behavior to prevent the unpleasant stimulus from occurring in the first place.

how to put classical and operant conditioning together in order to explain behaviors

is a method that integrates both classical conditioning, which creates associations between stimuli, and operant conditioning, which involves reinforcement and punishment to shape behaviors, illustrating how both processes work together in learning.

how the theory can explain complex behaviors (like keeping a room clean) without cognitive concepts

The theory explains complex behaviors by emphasizing the role of conditioning in shaping actions, suggesting that behaviors such as keeping a room clean can be learned through reinforcement and association with positive outcomes, rather than relying on cognitive processes.

Advantages of Leaning or Behavioral Theory

• Focus on observables

• Can measure concepts/behavior

• Research was conducted on many people

• Focus on changing behaviors/not verbal report

• Created and tested theories

Disadvantages of Learning or Behavioral Theory

• Some of the research based on other animals

• Humans are more complex

• This theory avoids focusing on cognitions (thoughts)

• Variables in person could be neglected

Four types of therapy

• Exposure therapy

• Systematic desensitization

• Flooding

• In vivo vs. imaginal