AP Biology- Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Study Guide

How is ATP made in photosynthesis?

As electrons move down the ETC, there is a high concentration of H+ in the thylakoid space, so some protons leave through ATP Synthase. As protons cross, it begins to spin and attaches a phosphate group to ADP.

How is ATP made in cellular respiration?

As electrons move down the ETC, there is a high concentration of H+ in the inner membrane space. Some protons leave through ATP Synthase, so it begins to spin and forms ATP by adding a phosphate group to ADP.

Where is NADP+ reduced?

NADP Reductase in the light reactions

Where is NADP+ oxidized?

The reduction stage of the Calvin Cycle in the stroma

Where is NAD+ reduced?

the cytosol during glycolysis and the mitochondria matrix during the citric acid cycle

Where is FAD reduced?

the mitochondria matrix during the citric acid cycle

Where is NAD+ oxidized?

the electron transport chain in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Where is FAD oxidized?

the electron transport chain in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Differentiate between oxidative photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

photophosporylation requires light energy to occur

Where is CO2 produced?

the matrix during the citric acid cycle

Where is O2 produced?

Photosystem II, in the thylakoid membrane

What are the three products of glycolysis?

2 pyruvic acid, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

What are the five products of the Krebs cycle?

citric acid, CO2, oxaloacetate, NADH, ATP, FADH2

What are the four products of oxidative phosphorylation?

H2O, ATP, NAD+, FAD

Linear electron flow during the light reactions

the flow of electrons through the photosystems and other molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane; produces ATP and NADH using light energy

Cyclic electron flow

does not produce NADH or O2, only uses photosystem I

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

the mitochondria and chloroplast were once free and independent prokaryotes

What does it mean that ATP Synthesis is under control of feedback inhibition?

this indicates that the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway. when a cell has enough ATP, then ATP Synthesis can shut down

What is the final electron acceptor in the light reactions?

NADP+

What is the final electron acceptor in the mitochondria?

O2

Where is the high concentration of hydrogen ions created in the chloroplast? Where do they go as they flow through ATP Synthase?

the thyakoid space, stroma

Where is the high concentration of hydrogen ions created in the mitochondria? Where do they go as they flow through ATP Synthase?

the intermembrane space, matrix

Describe the Englemann experiment? What was illustrated?

put algae on a slide, added water, and aerobic bacteria. bent light and saw the bacteria congregating in the purple and red areas of light. this illustrated that certain wavelengths of visible light are absorbed better than others, thus some wavelengths of light conduct photosynthesis more effectively than others

What is photorespiration? Why does it occur?

Rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2 in the Calvin Cycle, producing a 2-carbon compound. Photosynthetic output is decreased by consuming ATP, O2, and organic fuel and releasing CO2 without producing any ATP or sugar. In hot, arid climates, plants will close their stomata to conserve water. This limits photosynthesis and reduces access to CO2 and causes O2 to build up.

What are the three parts of the Calvin Cycle?

carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration,

Carbon fixation

CO2 is attached with RuBP using an enzyme called rubisco. This forms a 6-carbon molecule, 3-phosphoglycerate, which is split into two 3-carbon molecules.

Reduction

NADPH is oxidized as the organic molecule is reduced to form G3P. 6 ATP and 6 NADPH are required to produce 6 molecules of G3P, but only one exists for use by the cell

Regeneration

the rearrangement of the 5 remaining molecules of G3P to regenerate RuBP. three additional ATP are required to power this step.

Which wavelengths of light are best for photosynthesis?

blue and red

Where does the protein gradient form in the thylakoid?

there is a higher concentration in the lumen than the stroma

Where does the protein gradient form in the mitochondria?

there is a higher concentration of protons in the inner membrane space than the matrix

How similar is linear electron flow in the thylakoid similar to oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria?

both generate ATP by chemiosmosis but use different sources of energy
both use energy from the ETC
Both rely on the diffusion of protons through ATP synthase to drive ATP synthesis

Where exactly is oxygen created? By what process?

oxygen is created through the process of photolysis at photosystem II

Where exactly is CO2 produced during aerobic respiration?

the matrix during the citric acid cycle

Differentiate between substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Where does each occur?

Substrate level phosphorylation occurs when an enzyme with a phosphate group takes it from one molecule and gives it to ADP. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs when H+ is actively transport into the inner membrane so that they can flow out of ATP Synthase to add a phosphate group to ADP

Aerobic respiration has three parts, where does each occur?

glycolysis in the cytosol, citric acid cycle in the matrix, oxidative phosphorylation in the inner membrane

What is the relationship between thylakoid and grana?

Grana are stacked thylakoids. the thylakoids increase surface area

What is the relationship between the inner membrane and the cristae?

The cristae are the folds in the inner membrane. the cristae also increases surface area

Differentiate between the products of cyclic electron flow and linear electron flow?

cyclic electron flow produces ATP, and linear electron flow produces ATP, O2, and NADPH

Why are plants green?

chlorophyll reflects green light

Where does the oxidation of pyruvate occur?

the matrix

Reactants of the oxidation of pyruvate

pyruvate, NAD+

Products of the oxidation pyruvate

Acetyl CoA, CO2, NADH