Science Chapters 13+14

yes

what are the 3 principle motions of the ocean?

currents, tides, and waves

what are daily or twice daily changes in a local sea level?

tides

what force causes tides?

gravity

what type of tides are most affected by the moon?

lunar tides

what tides are most affected by the sun?

solar tides

what are spring tides and what phase of the moon do they occur?

sun, gravity, and moon are in a straight line; new or full moon

what are neap tides and what phase of the moon do they occur?

sun, earth, and moon forms a right angle; first or last quarter moon

true or false. electricity can be generated from the movement of tides

true

what is the flow of seawater through an area of relatively stationary water around it?

currents

what creates surface currents?

winds

what direction do gyres flow in the northern and southern hemisphere?

clockwise and counterclockwise

hat is the only current that flows directly around the entire earth?

Antarctic circumpolar current

true or false. the five major gyers collect drifting garbage in the ocean

true

true or false. the temperature of an ocean current can affect weather

true

what is water that comes from deep regions in the ocean to the surface? where does this typically occur?

upwelling; seawater is lower than average

what is water that falls from the surface of the ocean into the depths? where does this typically occur?

downwelling; seawater is higher than average

What term refers to anything that has to do with the ocean?

Marine

what term refers to something that is suitable for drinking?

potable

what are the 5 ocean basins?

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Artic, and Southern

what is a body of water mostly surrounded by land or islands?

sea

true or false. we know very little about the bottom of ocean basins

true

where do old-earth geologists believe water came from?

The nebular cloud and icy bodies from space that landed on earth

what is the height of the ocean surface at a given location?

local sea level

what is the average tide height at a location?

mean sea level

what separates the coastal region from the ocean?

the shore

what is the indistinct zone extending from the shore as far inland as we recognize land features affected by the ocean?

coastal region

what is the edge of the water at any given time?

shoreline

what is the pile of sediments that forms at high tide?

berm

what is the dip and rise of the ocean floor just before the low tide?

longshore trough and longshore sandbar

what extends from the berm to the longshore sandbar?

the beach

what is the gradual decline of the ocean floor starting at the beach?

continental shelf

what is the rapid decline found after the continental shelf called?

continental slope

what is the smooth transition from the continental slope to the ocean floor?

continental rise

what is the bottom of the ocean floor after the continental rise?

abyssal plain

what tectonic features are formed at margins of diverging tectonic plates?

mid-ocean ridges

what are submerged volcanoes and hills in the ocean?

seamounts

what tectonic features are formed in convergent subduction zones and result in a steep slope?

trenches

what is the lowest point of the ocean?

Challenger Deep

what are areas that have been formed by the activities of coral?

coral reefs

what water feature is formed in the center of a barrier reef?

lagoon

true or false. streams carry minerals to the ocean today.

true

what term refers to the amount of salt in a kilogram of water?

salinity

what is the most common salt in the ocean?

sodium chloride

true or false. seawater also contains dissolved gases

true

does freshwater entering the ocean increase or decrease the salinity of the ocean?

decrease

does evaporation in a lake increase or decrease the salinity of the lake?

increase

does salt being removed from a body of water increase or decrease the salinity?

decrease

what composes brackish water?

salt and freshwater

does the temperature of water typically increase or decrease the deeper you go?

decreases

how much pressure is gained for every 10 meters of depth?

1 atmosphere

what percent denser is seawater than freshwater?

about 3%

what ocean zone is found between low and high tide?

intertidal zone

what ocean zone if found between low tide and the edge of the continental shelf?

littoral zone

what 2 types of organisms can be found in the littoral zone?

benthic and pelagic organisms

what is the difference between benthic and pelagic organisms?

benthic lives on the ground; pelagic live "floating" in the water

what zone of the open ocean extends from the surface down to about 100-200 m?

photic zone

what zone of the open ocean extends from the photic zone down to about 3,000-4,000m?

aphotic zone

what zone is found below the aphotic zone?

abyssal zone

what zone named by scientists is reserved for valleys and trenches of the ocean that extend below the typical ocean floor?

hadal zone

what are the main reservoirs of carbon?

atmosphere, ocean, and organisms, land and organisms, rocks and sediments, and Earth's interior

what property of a wave indicates the strength of the wave?

wave height

what is the distance between two identical points on a wave?

wavelength

what is the depth at which the waves no longer affect the water?

wave base

what term refers to how many waves pass a point in a given time?

wave period

what term refers to how quickly a wave is moving?

wave speed

what force produces most waves?

wind

what is the total area that wind is in contact with the water?

wave fetch

what type of waves are caused when something hits the water?

splash waves

what types of waves are caused inside the water due to the water not mixing smoothly?

internal waves

what causes tsunamis?

tectonic waves (earthquakes)