(7.3-7.9) High Renaissance, Baroque, and New Spain Context

1600-1750 CE

Southern Baroque period

→ the age of reformation in Italy and spain

Protestant, pagan religions, materialistic, nationalism/colonialism, rationalism, scientific inquiry

Four perceived threats to church: QUIZ

1. The _________ movements at home

2. The _______ ________ of Africa, Asia and the Americas abroad

3. The ___________ worldview due to __________/___________

4. The forces of __________ unleashed by free _______ inquiry

The Counter Reformation agenda

“salvation could not be obtained only through the senses or reason, but imaginative leap of faith”

Art, architecture and sculpture should be like “a miraculous apparition”

1492

Expulsion of Jews and Moors from Spain

1534

Counter-Reformation begins _____ CE

Counter Reformation

a movement within the church to bring about a revival of religious faith as a way to fight the Protestant Reformation begun by Martin Luther in 1517

1542

____ CE Universal Inquisition established- effort to censor printed matter

1545; 1545-1563 CE

___ CE Council of Trent convened from ____-____ to undertake reform and reaffirm dogma within the church

religious orders

Various ______ ______ established as part of the Counter Reformation

On the Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs

New discoveries in Science:

1543 Copernicus ____________________________ ____ _____

Galileo investigations raised unsettling questions about man’s place in the universe.

global exploration

New discoveries in Science:

discoveries of cultures in New World challenged European man’s belief that he was the center of this world’

Thirty Years War 1618-1648

begins as a religious conflict but soon involves most of Europe results in nation building.  Treaty of Westphalia grants religious freedom across Europe

1623 CE; Bernini

Pope in ____ gave young _______ the demanding task of designing an enormous bronze baldocchino- or canopy, for the high altar of St. Peters.

architecture and sculpture

Baroque artists desire to combine __________ and ________

Concave and Convex

Either sides of the portal of San Carlo serve as symbols of rich relationships of ______ and ________ undulating structure

tenebrism

forms emerge from a dark background into a strong light often falls from a single light source outside the painting-the effect of a modern spotlight.

Characteristics of Caravaggio’s paintings (Baroque)

religious, dramatic, intense forms and poses / expressions, strong effects of light and color

→creates use of extreme light and dark, almost like a spotlight effect

Caravaggesque

influenced Tenebrism and naturalism

1623 CE; King Philip IV

• In ____- He (Valaquez) moved to Madrid where he became

     court painter to 

Young ____ ______ __ a patron until Velazquez’s death 1660 Comfortable position

1593 CE; Naturalism; Carvaggio

• arrived in Rome ____ (20 yrs old) born in Milan

• His subjects- still lives & low life scenes featuring fortune tellers, street urchins dressed as musicians or Mythological figures. figures in these paintings tend to be large, brightly lit.

• most commissions after 1600 were religious (mixed reactions)

• powerful, sometimes brutal _______ was rejected by patrons

• emotional power of Baroque _________ combined with solemn

which artist is being described?

Theatrical, Time and motion, Twisting and turning, Tenebrism, Trompe l’ oil,Trent

What are the 6 T’s of Baroque Art?

→ distinctive characteristics of Baroque style

Asymmetrical, movement, lighting, dramatic

Most typical style of 17th century Europe was the Baroque Style, which was characterized by:

1. ___________ compositions

2. Powerful effects of ________

3. Strong _______

4. __________ interpretations of subject matter.

Baroque; Derogatory

_______seems to have first been used to describe works 17-18^th centuries when it became a ______ term for works that were considered-strange-irregular-irrational

Intellectual and Scientific Activity in Europe

• Explosion of printed information followed the invention of movable type in the 15^th century led to increasing levels of literacy.

• By end of 17^th almost ½ of adult male population of Europe was literate.

• Many European capitals developed academies and learned institutions in science, which promoted advancement of knowledge.

• Major figures in scientific theory / invention-Bacon, Galileo, Newton, Harvey, Hobbes, Keppler, Locke

• In literature, poetry, drama found new more emotional expressiveness-Milton, Corneille, Moliere, Racine, Shakespeare

Italy

____-Still controlled by local city-states largest Milan / Venice most powerful political force in Italy was the papacy in Rome, 17^th century flourished under ambitious popes.  

Catholic

Popes rebuilt Rome with Baroque monuments, fought Protestantism & reasserted the authority of the ______ Church

European Baroque; governments, commercial, trading

• Europe had become more prosperous in the 16^th century, result from wealth from the Americas & new markets.

• European wealth continued to increase 17^th century in 

1. Stable __________

2. Strong ________ & _____

source; light; light source

Caravaggio never included a ______ for the strong _____ that illuminated his subjects, realizing the mystery and drama that an unknown _____ ______ can convey.

1494; Savonarola

____CE Medici family is exiled from Florence by __________, signalling a general exodus of artists from Florence to Rome

16th century Europe

1506

New St. Peter’s begun by Pope Julius II

16th century europe

1517

____CE Luther posts his 95 Theses- Protestant Reformation begins.

16th century Europe

1534

Henry VII separated English church

16th century Europe

1527

Rome invaded (and sacked) by French and Spanish troops, ending its artistic preeminence

sacked by Charles V→ this ended the golden age of High Renaissance Rome

Rome

____as cultural capital

becomes the new Athens after expulsion of the Medici’s in Florence

16th century

Papal power

______ ______

Pope Julius II and Leo X- political as well as cultural ambitions

The artist as genius

___________________

Michelangelo, Raphael, da Vinci, Bramante → artist as hero, inspired, ‘divine’

16th century Europe

monumental ambition and scale

_______________________

-large scale painting, sculpture programs and architecture

16th century europe

Neoplatonic thought

___________- the Philosophical Basis of Michelangel’’s Sculpture and Painting

Levels in his design for Julius II’s tomb and the organization of the Sistine Chapel ceiling program.

16th century Europe

Art as metaphor

__ __ ________ for:

1. the ambitions of their patrons

2. the ego of the artist/creator

3. philosophical ideas

humanism

• The _____________ of the 15^th century slowly gave way to a new spirit of discovery that led Europeans to investigate the natural world around them and to explore lands unknown to them.

16th century Europe

(what century and where)

• was an age of social, intellectual, religious and geographic transforming European culture.

• travel became more common

• Publication in translation of ancient books enabled people to educate and learn to read-much more than in earlier centuries and artists and their work became mobile 

• One tragic consequence of the “international” Reformation was the destruction of religious art.

Protestant Reformation

• In some areas “Protestants smashed sculpture and stained glass windows and washed religious paintings to rid the churches of these images.

• Many artists turned to portraiture and other secular subjects

• These reformers called Protestants because they protested against the practices and beliefs of the catholic church.

• Succeeded in permanently breaking away from Rome.

• One factor in their success was the support of powerful rulers

• By end of 16^th century, some form of Protestantism prevailed throughout Northern Europe.

• 1560’s Italy, Spain, Ireland, Poland and Portugal were still entirely Catholic.  France, S. Germany, Austria and Hungary also remained predominantly Catholic

Counter Reformation

• To counter the Protestant Reformation, the Roman catholic hierarchy mid 16^th formulated a program that included guidelines for religious art.

• They were scrutinized carefully for profanity and bishops were to educate people not to view images as having power

• Art became a powerful weapon of propaganda

Leonardo Da Vinci

• Born in a Tuscan village Leonardo was 12 when his family moved to Florence.

• He apprenticed w/painter sculptor Verrochio until 1476

• After he worked a few years on his own, he spent much of his time in Milan on military & civil engineering projects for the Sforza court.

• At the Duke Ludovico Sforza’s request. Leonardo painted one defying monuments of Renaissance art

• The Last Supper in the dining hall monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie between 1495-1498 in Milan

Raphael

• Arrived in Florence from Urbino had studied with Perugino

• Raphael quickly became successful in Florence he left Florence in 1508 for Rome where Pope Julius II put him to work immediately decorating his apartment.

• In the Library-Raphael painted the four branches of knowledge-Religion (the Disputa) Philosophy (the School of Athens) Poetry and Law

• The shape of the walls and vaults determined the composition of the paintings.

Michelangelo

• Was born in the Tuscan town of Caprese grew up in Florence, and spent a long career working in Rome.

• At 13 he studied fresco painting

• He soon joined the household of Lorenzo the Magnificent, head of Medici family where he came in contact w/ the Neoplatonic philosophers and studied sculpture w/ Govanni pupil of Donatello.

Bourgeois

middle class/ citizen of town

1568

Flanders broke with Spain _____CE and joined together King of Spain & United Republic, the Vatican, Holy Roman Empire, and France (peace negotiations)

Amsertdam

• was true center of power because of its sea trade

was a center of commerce and arts in the 17th century because of its wealth tolerance, and status as a financial hub. Due to its role in international trade and banking, ________ became one of the wealthiest cities in Europe.

Differences between Southern Baroque and Northern Baroque

In Northern Baroque art, both individuals and groups commissioned artists to create paintings that held modern taste, such as Landscape, portraits and genre paintings. Subjects popular in Southern Baroque art such as religious ecstasies, great myths, and historical subjects were avoided in the North. Similarly, Northern Dutch homes were small with limited wall space. so artists designed their art to be hung in a more intimate setting (scaling back the grandeur)

Dutch portraits

• PORTRAITS-Dutch Baroque portraiture took many forms, ranging from single portraits to people in elaborate costumes.

• Portraits success-accurate portrayal of settings, costumes, facial features often idealizing to convey personalities

• Group portraiture documented the membership of corporate organizations (Dutch specialty)

Role of the city of Amsterdam in the 17th century

• Became financial center of the continent with the founding of the Bank of Amsterdam

• It initiated transfer banking and allowed a wider distribution of wealth through broader and easier acquisition of merchandise

• Equally Dutch seamanship also facilitated and increased the Dutch economy

Rembrandt

• Important painter working in Amsterdam in 17^th century and known as one great artists of all time.

• Born to a miller and his wife sent to University of Leiden age 14, but dropped out few months to study painting.  He apprenticed to a Leiden artist, then briefly worked in Amsterdam

• Painted religious, mythological paintings, landscapes and figure studies, but primary source of income was portraiture

• Studied Peter Paul Rubens work (selected image #86) and incorporated some of his compositional ideas

Flemish Baroque

• 17^th century Flanders returned to direct Spanish rule and remained predominantly Catholic 

• Antwerp-capital city & major arts center artists of talent flourished there, bringing commissions from foreign patrons.

• Baroque Art of (Flanders-Netherlands) retained close connections to the Baroque art of Catholic Europe

• Dutch schools of painting developed their own subjects & styles

Dutch Genre Paintings

• term used to categorize paintings depicting scenes of everyday life, including domestic interiors, street scenes, inn scenes

Camera Obscura

• An early camera-like device used in the Renaissance and later for capturing images of nature.  Made from a dark box (or Room) with a hole in one side (sometimes fitted with a lens). It operates when the bright light shines through the hole, casting an upside down image of an object outside onto the inside wall of box.  This image can be traced.

• Optical distortions highlights illusion of brilliant light

Jan Vermeer

•  An innkeeper and art dealer who painted only for local patrons

• Meticulous in his technique with unique compositional approach and painting style.

• produced small # of works

• Frequently scenes of women in their homes, alone or with a servant who are occupied with some activity (genre)

• Such as, writing, reading letters, playing music,

• also produced history paintings views of Delft

• He may have experimented with the mechanical device known as camera obscura -an early camera like device

Dutch Still Life Painting

• Realistic still-life painting  needs no background in art to appreciate the ability of artist

• Netherlands are specialists in still-life painting

• 16^th and 17^th centuries art theorists largely ignore still-life painting and landscape genre and portraits

• These types of art were considered unimportant because they were merely copies from nature

• A painters most significant accomplishment was a history painting-conception, design and execution that demanded intellect and academic training

• Still life, landscape, portrait and genre paintings were considered less valuable than history paintings 

Rachel Ruysch

• Floral still life-she is ranked among the greatest still-life painters in the Netherlands, and her international reputation continued after her death.

At age of 15 and by 18 was active as a painter in same genre

• her father was professor of anatomy and botany and his collection of scientific specimens may have inspired her to include the insects found so often in her paintings

Relationship between the Counter Reformation agenda and 17th century art

The Counter Reformation began in response to the Protestant Reformation, with the goal of a revival of religious faith. Art during the 17th century became a vessel for religious revival and a tool used by religious orders to spread their ideas. Therefore, the Counter Reformation led to the production of dramatic Baroque religious images, such as the”Ecstasy or Saint Teresa” by Bernini/

Peter Paul Rubens

Spent his youth in poverty and decided late teens to become an artist.

• accepted into painters guild at 21- showing his energy, intelligence, and determination

• studied Michelangelo and Titian Italian renaissance

• he also operated a large workshop in Antwerp that produced 2,000 paintings

• his assistants produced some of his paintings but he finished works fro important clients

Exploration of the new world

1. ____________________- and the emergence of Britain as the dominate maritime power

later 18th century

Colonialism

___________-the beginning of the colonization of Africa, India and the South Seas

later 18th century

The Age of Enlightenment

great advances in the pure and natural sciences; the decline of the Church

Later 18th century

Rise of the Academics

_________________-theoretical writing and training of the artists in Royal Academies

Beginning of the Democratic movements

____________________________________-growing Democratic movements and revolutions

later 18th century

New Archaeological Discoveries

Pompeii (1748) led to Neoclassicism

Decline of Monarchies

_________________-French Revolution of 1789 and the decline of absolute monarchies in Europe

Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution

________________-begins with the invention of steam engine and electricity

later 18th century

European Monarchies in the 18th century

 Beginning of 18^th century-most European countries were governed by absolute monarchies

By the end of the 18^th century absolute monarchies had been overturned in France-New ideas of government for the people replaced the concept of absolute monarchy

• RULERS who believed that THEIR POWER and AUTHORITY from God. *Artwork from that time are evidence of the extreme wealth and frivolous attitude of these rulers.

Rococo

• derived from the French rocaille (rock-work on rubble) first used to designate style of French art-charm, finesse hallmarks of social behavior (costumes)

• _____’s light ornamental elegance complemented aristocratic values and tastes

18th century Art is Europe

pastel

• a new medium for finished works of art.  Soon became popular among Rococo artists and their patrons.

18th century poltically

• During the reign of Louis XVI (16) and his wife, Marie Antoinette, lavish government expenditures led to economic depression

• During French Revolution, a constitutional monarchy was established, but internal political drama threatened the new government

• In France-hostility against aristocracy rose to high 1792 and bloody executions followed

• A young military commander, Napoleon Bonaparte, rose in power and at age of 30 in 1799 made solid French Republic.

Age of Enlightenment

• Influence of Catholic church declined

• Belief in supremacy of human reason

• Centrality of natural sciences

• Advancement of 18^th century philosophers

• The Enlightenment was marked by:

  • Faith in human reason-natural human tights

  • Science and progress toward a utopian society

18th century Science

• Building on Isaac Newton’s observations and discoveries….

• Advances continued in physics, mathematics, astronomy

• In 1759 Edmund Halley’s name given to the comet that returns every 7 years

• Zoology, botany established as scientific disciplines

• Improvements in devices as telescope, microscope, barometer and thermometer allowed for greater accuracy in scientific observation

• Steam engine by James Watt 1769 brought Europe close to Industrial Revolution 

Historical Background of New Spain

• Columbus lands Bahamas 1492

• European powers immediately set upon mission of conquest and colonization

• Native American civilizations of the Aztecs and Incas rapidly fell 

• Some Native Americans married into the established Spanish hierarchy and produced children called mestizos.

• Spanish extracted from New World-silver, gold, new crops (potatoes and corn)

• Established a world-wide trading empire

• Artistic life became enriched by the contact of East and west layered onto Native American population

Patronage and Artistic Life of New Spain

• Spanish brought Roman Catholicism=rich imagery

• High quality religious work

• Native Artists

• Combine Roman Catholicism with Native American traditions in pictorial landscape using materials from Asia

• First center of European art in the Americas was established in Peru

Painting in New Spain

• Spain contributed the oil technique and Catholic imagery to American painting

• Native artists, working within their own traditions, showed less interest in European painting formulas such as perspective

• Favored flattened surface with earthy tones

• Many works of art created anonymously, in service of religion rather than in service of the fame of the artist

• Trade from Asia-not uncommon to see Latin American art that use ivory, silk, or ceramics.

• Spanish and Portuguese occupied=Latin America today 

=Art of New Spain: Spanish Colonies in the Americas

Mestizo

someone of mixed European and Native American descent

Casta Paintings

paintings from New Spain showing people of mixed races