med term ch.7 digestive system

biopsy

removal of a small portion of tissue from the body for microscopic examination

endoscopic

pertains to the use of an endoscope to examine the interior of a hollow organ or body cavity, such as a gastrointestinal tract, used for various medical purposes

gastroenterology

branch of meeicine focused on the structures, functions, and disorders of the digestive system

gastroenterologist

specializes inthe diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal system and its accessory organs

upper gi tract

mouth pharynz esophogus and stomach

lower gi tract

large and small intestine rectum and anus

dent/o

teeth

odont/o

teeth

gingiv/o

gums

gloss/o

tongue

lingu/o

tongue

or/o

mouth

stomat/o

mouth

ptyal/o

saliva

sial/o

saliva, salivary gland

esophag/o

esophagus

gastr/o

stomach

pharyng/o

pharynx

pylor/o

pylorus

duoden/o

duodenum

enter/o

intestine

jejun/o

jejunum

ile/o

ileum

an/o

anus

append/o

appendix

appendic/o

appendix

col/o

colon

colon/o

colon

proct/o

anus, rectum

rect/o

rectum

sigmoid/o

sigmoid colon

cholangi/o

bile vessel

chol/e

bile, gall

cholecyst/o

gall bladder

choledoch/o

bile duct

hepat/o

liver

pancreat/o

pancreas

\-algia

pain

\-dynia

pain

\-emesis

vomiting

\-iasis

abnormal ocndition

\-megaly

enlargement

\-orexia

appetite

\-osis

abnormal condition

\-pepsia

digestion

\-phagia

digestion

\-prandial

meal

\-rrhea

discharge, flow

endo-

in, within

hemato-

blood

hypo-

under, below, deficient

appendicitis

inflammation of the appendix, typically an acute condition caused by blockage of the appendix followed by infection that is treated with surgical removal of the inflamed appendix and antibiotic therapy

ascites

pathological buildup of fluid in the abdomonal caivty as a result of liver disease, cancer, heart failure, or kidney failure

borborygmus

gurgling or rumbling sound heard over the large intestine that is caused by gas moving through the intestines

cirrhosis

chronic liver disease characterized by destruction of liver cells that eventually leads to ineffective liver function and jaundice

diverticular disease

formation of bulging pouches throughout the colon but most commonly in the lower portion of hte colon

dysentery

inflammation of the intestine, especially of the colon, caused by chemical irritants, bacteria, or parasites and characterized by diahhrea, colitis, and abdominal cramps

fistula

abnormal tunnel connecting two body cavities, such as the rectum and the vagina, or a body cavity to the skin, such as the rectum to the outside of the body, cuased by an injury, infection or inflammation

gastroesophageal reflux disease

blackflow of gastric contents into the esophogus as a result of malfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter

heatochezia

passage of a bright red, bloody stools commonly caused by diverticulities or hemorrhoids but may be a symptom of cancer

hemorrhoid

mass enalargement, twisted varicose veins in the mucous membrane inside or just outside the rectum, also called piles

hernia

protusion or projection of an organ or a part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it

strangulated hernia

hernia whose blood supply has been cut off, leading to necrosis with gangrene of the hernial sac and its contents, a condition that is life threatening and requires immediate surgery

inflammitory bowel disease

disorder that causes inflammation of the intestines

chrones disease

chronic ibd that may affect any portion of the intestinal tract and it distinguished from closely related bowel disorders by its inflammitroy pattern which tends to be patchy or segented also called regional colitis

ulcerative colitis

chronic bid of hte colon characterized by ulcers, constant diahhrea ixed with blood, and pain

irratble bowel syndrome

common colon disorder characterized by constipation, diahhrea gas, and bloating that does not cause permanent damage to the colon, also called spastic colon

jaundice

yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes and sclerae of the eyes caused by excessive levels of bilirubin in blood, also called hyperbilirubinemia

obesity

condition in which the body weigh exceeds the range of normal or healthy, which is characterized as a body mass index greater than 25

morbid obesity

more severe obseity in which a person has a bmi of 40 or greater which is generally 100 lbs of greater than ideal body weight

ulcer

open core that may result from a perforation or lesion of the skin of mucous membrane accompanied by sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue

volvulus

twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction

barium enema

radiographic examination of the rectum and colon after andministration of barium sulfate into the rectum, BE is used for diagnosis of obstructions, tumors, and other abnormailties, such as ulcerative colitis

barium swallow

rediographic examination of the esophogus, stomach, and small intestine after oral administration of barium sulfate also called upper gi sries

cholangiography

radiographic examination of the bile ducts with a contrast medium to reveal gallstones of other obstruction in the bile ducts

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

visual examination of the esophogus stomach and duodenum by using gan endoscope also called upper gi endoscopy

stool guaiac

test performed of feces usign the reagent gum guaiac to detect presence of blood in feces that is not apparent on visual inspection, also called hemoccult test

bariatric surgery

any group of procedures used to treat morbid obesity

vertical banded gastroplasty

bariatric surgery in which the upper stomach near the esophogus is stapled vertically to reduce it to a small pouch and a band in inserted that restricts and delays food from leaving the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness

rouxeny gastric bypass

bariactric surgery in which the stimach is first stapled to reduce it to asmall pouchm and then the jejunum is shortneed and connected to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the onofucntioning protion of the stomach to form a y configuration which decreases the pathway of food through the intestine reducing absorption of calories and fats. als ocalle d gastric bypass with gastroenterostomy

colostomy

excision of a diseased part of the colon and relocation of the remaining end of the healthy colon through the abdominal wall to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag

lithotripsy

eliminating a stome qithin the gall bladder or urinary system by crushing it surgically ot by usuing a noninvasive method, such aws a ultasonic shock waves to shatter it

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to destroy stones in the gall bladder and biliary ducts

nasogastric intubation

insertion of a soft plasitc nasogastric tube through the nostrils, past the pharynx, and down the esophagus into the stomach to remove substances from the stomach, deliver medication food or fluids or obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis

polypectomy

excision of small, tumorlike, benign growths that project form a mucous membrane surface

antacids

neutralize acids in the stomach

antidiarrheals

control loose stools and releive diarrhea by absorbing excess water in the bowel of slowing peristalsis in the intestinal tract

antiemetics

control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to the vomiting center of the brain

laxatives

releive constipation and facilitate passage of feces through the lower gi tract

calculi

stones present in the common bile duct

choledocholithiasis

stones in the common bile duct

laparoscopic cholecystectomy

symptomatic gallstone disease is treated by this surgery

BE

barium enema, beow the elbow

bmi

body mass index

Dx

diagnosis

EGD

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

ERCP

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

ESWL

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

FBS

fasting blood sugar

GERD

gastroesophageal reflux disease