WEEK 2: TEACHING & LEARNING PROCESS

• imparting knowledge and skills

• educating or instructing

• act or experience

TEACHING

• Process of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practicing, being taught, or experiencing something.

LEARNING

• TYPE of learning that occurs when a behavior is observed and subsequently mimicked.

SOCIAL CONDITIONING

• Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning)

• Operant Conditioning (Instrumental conditioning)

• Social Conditioning (Observational conditioning)

LEARNING THEORIES

• A reflexive or automatic type of learning

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

• Described as a process that attempts to modify behavior through the use of positive and negative reinforcement.

OPERANT CONDITIONING

• In this theory, people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people

SOCIAL CONDITIONING

A. Strategies

B. Approach

C. Technique

D. Method

THE ‘HOWS’ OF TEACHING

• a generalized plan for a lesson that includes structure.

• realization of objectives

• It refers to goal-directed activities of the teachers.

STRATEGIES

Is a large or small group activity that encourages students to focus on a topic and contribute to the free flow of ideas.

BRAINSTORMING

Are effective ways to get students to practically apply their skills, and their understanding of learned facts, to a real-world situation.

CASE STUDIES

It consists of a structured contest of argumentation, in which two opposing individuals or teams defend and attack a given proposition.

DEBATES

Consequently, teachers use them frequently in instructional situations.

DISCUSSION

Students use class time to apply the theory and concepts discussed in the videos, and to utilize techniques including group problem-solving and team building games, simulations, case study reviews, and group discussions.

FLIPPED CLASSROOM

Is a method of instruction that gets students to work together in groups.

GROUPWORK

The art of asking questions is at the heart of effective communication and information exchange, which underpins good teaching.

QUESTIONING

Are instructional scenarios where the learner is placed in a "world" defined by the teacher?

SIMULATIONS

Is the broadest of the three, making technique the most specific, and the method found in between approach and technique.

APPROACH

On the other hand, is an organized, orderly, systematic, and well-planned procedure aimed at facilitating and enhancing students’ learning.

METHOD

Encompasses the personal style of the teacher in carrying out specific steps of the teaching process.

TECHNIQUE

• Ways in which you try to engage students with the subject matter.

• The ways in which you support your students.

APPROACH

TYPES OF TEACHING APPROACH (INSTRUCTOR)

EXECUTIVE, FACILITATOR, AND LIBERATIONIST APPROACH

Views the teacher as manager of complex classroom processes.

EXECUTIVE APPROACH

It places considerable emphasis on making use of students’ prior experience.

FACILITATOR APPROACH

Wherein the goal is to liberate the mind to wonder, to know and understand, to imagine and create, using the full intellectual inheritance of civilized life.

LIBERATIONIST APPROACH

TYPES OF TEACHING APPROACH (LEARNER)

DISCOVERY LEARNING, CONCEPTUAL TEACHING, AND PROCESS WRITING

Is a method of instruction in which students engage with their environment by exploring and manipulating objects, debating questions and controversies, or carrying out experiments.

DISCOVERY LEARNING

Involves the learning of specific concepts, the nature of concepts, and the development of logical reasoning & critical thinking

CONCEPTUAL TEACHING

Treats all writing as a creative act which requires time and positive feedback to be done well.

PROCESS WRITING

Refers to various instructional design models.

Usually the pedagogical aims are threefold: 1. Promote "deep" learning,

2\. Promote meta-cognitive skills.

3\. Promote student engagement.

An approach that capitalizes on the child’s natural curiosity and urge to explore the environment.

A. DISCOVERY

Choosing and defining the content of a certain discipline to be taught through the use of or pervasive ideas as against the traditional practice of determining content by isolated topics.

B. CONCEPTUAL

Which provides students with an abundance of projects, activities, and instructional designs that allow them to make decisions and solve problems

C. PROCESS

Key to the success of this breakdown is the relational integration of the information leading to the concept under consideration.

D. UNIFIED

The primary role of teachers is to pass knowledge and information onto their students.

1\. Direct Instruction- relies on explicit teaching through lectures and teacher-led demonstrations.

TEACHER – CENTERED APPROACH

Student learning is continuously measured during teacher instruction

1\. Inquiry-Based Learning - focuses on student investigation and hands-on learning.

2\. Cooperative Learning - emphasizes group work and a strong sense of community. - “Think-Pair-Share

STUDENT – CENTERED APPROACH

Directly related to the presentation of the lesson. Which a teacher should use depends on the nature of the subject and the tact of the teacher.

METHOD

FOUR METHODS OF PRESENTING THE SUBJECT MATTER.

TELLING, DOING, VISUAL, MENTAL METHOD

Lecture method, Discussion method, Storytelling method

TELLING METHOD

Project method, Problem solving method, Textbook method

DOING METHOD

Demonstration method, Supervised study method

VISUAL METHOD

Inductive, Deductive, Analysis, Synthesis method etc.

MENTAL METHOD

It is a procedure by which new knowledge fixed in the minds of students permanently. For this purpose, a teacher does extra activities in the class.

TECHNIQUES THE “HOWs” OF TEACHING

Encompasses all the materials and physical means an instructor might use to implement instruction and facilitate students' achievement of instructional objectives.

Helps students visualize a lesson and transform abstract concepts into concrete, easier-to-remember concepts.

Media is an excellent way to pose assessment questions for the class to answer or give students tasks to complete.

INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA

Projected Media

Non-Projected Media

Audio Media

Motion Media

Hyper Media

Gaming Media

TYPES OF INTRUCTIONAL MEDIA

Instructional materials that require projection and electricity in their use process.

• Slides, filmstrips, and overheads.

PROJECTED MEDIA

That do not require the process of projection before its operation can take place.

Photographs, diagrams, and displays.

NON-PROJECTED MEDIA

Cassettes and compact discs

Allow students to hear other languages/dialects, allow auditory learners to review the lessons, and encourage creativity through music.

AUDIO MEDIA

Videos, computer-mediated instruction, and television

Offer supplemental instruction and experience concepts in a manner that is not available in “real life”.

MOTION MEDIA

Computer networks, software, and the Internet

Offer resources beyond the library, develop computer and word processing skills, and offer interactive learning.

HYPER MEDIA

Computer games

Provide a playful environment for learning, Structure learning through rules, motivate for tedious or repetitive content, and use problem solving skills.

GAMING MEDIA

Simply, it is the profession of educating people about health for attainment of positive health.

HEALTH EDUCATION

They describe health in terms of six interacting and dynamic dimensions- physical, emotional, social, intellectual, spiritual, and occupation.

HAHN AND PAYNE

HEALTH IS A STATE OF COMPLETE PHYSICAL, MENTAL, AND SOCIAL WELL-BEING, AND NOT MERELY THE ABSENCE OF DISEASE OR INFIRMITY.

WHO