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vocab/ideas that need to be reinforced before test
What is developmental psychology?
AKA lifespan development; studies how people grow and change throughout the lifespan
What two things is developmental psychology concerned with?
Chronological order of development: 1) nature & nurture, 2) Stability & change, 3) Continuity & stage development
Continuity development
Believed by scientists who believe development is a slow, continuous process shaped by experiences & learning
Discontinuity development
believed by scientists who see development is a sequence a biologically predisposed set of steps (stages). All happens in the same order
Trust vs Mistrust
1st stage, birth to 1 year, is my world predictive and supportive?
Autonomy vs Shame
stage 2, 1 to 2 years, can I do things myself or must I rely on others?
Intiative vs Guilt
stage 3, 3-6 years old, am I good or bad?
Industry vs inferiority
Stage 4, 6-11 years old, am I successful or worthless?
Identity vs role confusion
Stage 5, teen years, Who am I?
Intimacy vs Isolation
stage 6, young adulthood (20-40 years old), Should I shared my life with someone or live alone?
Generativity vs Self absorption
stage 7, 40-65 years old, Will I succeed in life?
Integrity vs Despair
stage 8, 65 years old until death, Have i lived a full life?
infant development - reflexes
grasping, rooting, sucking, startle reflexes
infant development - fine motor skills
the development of small muscle movements, such as grasping and manipulating objects.
infant development - gross motor skills
the development of large muscle movements, such as crawling, walking, and jumping.
critical period
period early in life in which specific skills, stimuli, or behaviors must be experienced to produce normal development; often involved language and sensory development
ACEs
Adverse childhood experiences such as trauma, abuse, deprivation that can slow development
Adolescence and puberty
teen years, when those become capable of sexual reproduction and develop primary & secondary sex characteristics
Adolescent change of social development
adolescents are influecned more by peers rather than parents
Sex
biologically predisposed/influenced characteristics for which people define male, female, or intersex
Female chromosomes
XX
Male chromosomes
XY
Intersex chromosome
XXY or different cells have XX or XY chromosomes
Gender
attitudes, feelings, and beliefs that a given culture assigns or associates with a person’s biological sex
gender role
set of expected behaviors, attitudes, or traits associated with biological sex
Sensorimotor Stage
Piaget stage 1, ages 0-2, development of object permanence, stranger anxiety, learning would through sense/actions
Preoperational stage
Piaget stage 2, age 2-7, development of egocentrism, lack of conservation, can use language but doesn’t understand concrete logic or mental operations
Concrete operational stage
Piaget stage 3, ages 7-11, thinking logically about concrete/actual events, development of conservation, can do arithmetic operations
Formal operational stage
Piaget stage 4, late childhood into adulthood, higher-order cognitive processes, abstract logic, systemic reasoning, hypothetical, mature moral reasoning
Schema
concept or framework that organizes and interprets new information
Assimilation
putting new ideas into already existing schema
Accomodation
expands or alters existing scheme or fit new information
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
Our mind develops through social interactions and experiences, children internalize beliefs or attitudes that are around them, language is the root of all learning
Crystallized intelligence
long-term, things you know how to do, stored knowledge and skills, improves with age
Fluid intelligence
how you think, logical, problem solving, peeks in young adulthood and wanes with age, quick thinking & adaptability
Semantics
meaning of words, phrases, or sentences
Ecological systems theory
our surrounding environment influences our development. includes 5 systems
Microsystem
ECT 1, groups with direct contact to individual (direct influence), friends, family, teachers, school
Mesosystem
ECT 2, relationships between groups in the microsystem that affect the individual (how family and school interact)
Exosystem
ECT 3, indirect factors in an individuals (local policy, parents’ working environment, media)
Macrosystem
ECT 4, cultural influences (law, traditons, economy)
Chronosystem
ECT 5, changes over time, stage of life & related events
Authoritarian
constricting, rules, expecting obedience
authoritative
confrontive, demanding and responsive
permissive
unrestraining, few demands, few limits, little punishment
neglectful
little care for a relationship with child, uninvolved, careless
secure attachment style
higher comfort in exploring unfamiliar environments when caregivers are present, become distressed when mother leaves
insecure attachment styles
displayed in 3 ways: anxious: clingy, avoidant: resistant, or disorganized: no consistent behavior
personal fable
thinking you’re unique and invincible, “that wouldn’t happen to me”
extinction
the depleting of CR when CS isn’t followed by UCS
Spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of a weakened CR after a period of no exposure (pause)
latent learning
learning that happens but remains hidden until future use
observational learning
learning that occurs by watching and imitating others, uses modeling
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