Drugs for exam 1

Xylazine

sedative

What is the MOA of xylazine?

alpha 2 adrenergic agonist

What are the uses of xylazine?

Sedative and analgesic, emetic in dogs and cats

What are the adverse effects of xylazine?

species specifics but most show tremors

Detomidine

sedative

What is the MOA of detomidine?

alpha-2 adrenergic agonist

What are the uses of detomidine?

sedative and analgesic

What animal is detomidine FDA approved for?

horses

What are the adverse effects of detomidine?

bradycardia

Medetomidine

sedative

What is the MOA of medetomidine?

alpha 2 adrenergic agonist

What are the uses of medetomidine?

preanesthetic, sedative/analgesic (in dogs/cats, some small mammals and exotics)

What are the adverse effects of medetomidine?

hypotension and bradycardia

Dexmedetomidine

sedative

What is the MOA of dexmedetomidine?

alpha 2 adrenergic agonist

What are the uses of dexmedetomidine?

sedative, analgesis, emetic

What are the adverse effects of dexmedetomidine?

emesis (aspiration while sedated), hyptotension, bradycardia

Romifidine

sedative

What is the MOA of romifidine?

alpha-2 adrenergic agonist

What are the uses of romifidine?

preanesthetic, sedative/analgesic (for horses in US; for cats, dogs, horses, & cattle in UK)

What are the adverse effects of romifidine?

hypotension and bradycardia

clonidine

analgesic, anesthetic

What is the MOA of clonidine?

partial alpha 2 adrenergic agonist

What are the uses of clonidine?

limited but can be used for fear in dogs and cats

What are the adverse affects of clonidine?

potential hypotension

Yohimbine

alpha 2 adrenergic antagonist

What is the MOA of yohimbine?

alpha 2 adrenergic antagonist

What is the use of yohimbine?

reverses xylazine

What are the adverse effects of yohimbine?

transient CNS excitation, increased respiration, muscle tremors

Atipamezole

alpha 2 adrenergic antagonist

WHat is the MOA of atipamazole?

alpha 2 adrenergic antagonist

What are the uses of atipamazole?

reversal of medetomidine and dexmedetomidine

WHat are the adverse effects of atipamezole?

transient CNS excitation, increased respiration, muscle tremors

Tolazoline

alpha adrenergic blocker

What is the MOA of tolazoline?

alpha 1 and 2 adrenergic antagonist

What are the uses of tolazoline?

FDA approved reversal of xylazine in horses

What are the adverse effects of tolazoline?

tachycardia

Diazepam

anxiolytic

What is the MOA of diazepam?

GABA receptor agonist

WHat are the uses of diazepam?

anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, seizures

What are the adverse effects of diazepam?

sedation, altered behavior, respiratory depression

Why shouldn't you deliver diazepam orally to cats?

idiosyncratic hepatic necrosis

midazolam

anxiolytic

What is the MOA of midazolam?

GABA receptor agonist

Which has a higher affinity: midazolam or diazepam?

midazolam

lorazepam

anxiolytic

What is the MOA of lorazepam?

GABA receptor agonist

What are the uses of lorazepam?

anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, seizures

What are the adverse effects of lorazepam?

sedation, altered behavior, respiratory depression

Acepromazine

sedative

What is the MOA of acepromazine?

dopamine receptor antagonist centrally, alpha 1 receptor antagonist peripherally

What are the uses of acepromazine?

preanesthetic, anti-motion sickness

WHat are the adverse effects of acepromazine?

hypotension

Chlorpromazine

sedative

What is the MOA of chlorpromazine?

dopamine receptor antagonist centrally and alpha 1 receptor antagonist peripherally

Which is more potent: chlorpromazine or acepromazine?

acepromazine

Which lasts longer: chloropromazine or acepromazine?

chloropromazine

What are the uses of chloropromazine?

preanesthetic, anti-motion sickness

What are the adverse effects of chlorpromazine?

hypotension

Is chlorpromazine recommended in horses?

NO-due to agitation, excitement, aggression

acetylcholine

neurotransmitter/cholinergic

What is the MOA of acetylcholine?

stimulate nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

What are the uses of acetylcholine?

rapid degradation so it has limited used

What are the adverse effects of acetylcholine?

excess cholinergic tone can lead to cholinergic crisis (SLUD)

bethanechol

cholinergic agent

What is the MOA of bethanechol?

muscarinic receptor agonist

What are the uses of bethanecol?

increase bladder contraction

What are the adverse effects of bethanechol?

SLUD/cholinergic crisis

What is the pharmacology of bethanechol?

muscarinic with negligible nicotinic activity

For bethanechol, how many more times is the oral dose for a horse vs. SQ done?

10x

epinephrine

sympathomimetic

What is the MOA of epinephrine?

alpha and beta adrenergic agonist

What are the uses of epinephrine?

anaphylaxis and cardiac resuscitation

What are the adverse effects of epinephrine?

excitability, anxiety, tremor

neostigmine

cholinergic agent

WHat is the MOA of neostigmine?

anticholinesterase

What are the uses of neostigmine?

Stimulate GI peristalsis, emptying of bladder, skeletal muscle contraction

What are the effects of neostigmine?

SLUD/cholinergic crisis

When edrophonium is not available, what can be used in dogs and cats?

neostigmine

parathion

Organophosphate poison

WHat is the MOA of parathion?

anticholinesterase

What are the uses of parathion?

found in pesticides, cattle dips/sprays, mosquito control

WHat are the adverse effects of parathion?

SLUD/BLUD, cholinergic crisis

physostigime

cholinergic agent

WHat is the MOA of physostigmine?

anticholinesterase

What are the uses of physostigmine?

promote alertness in cases of ivermectin toxicity

What are the adverse effects of physostigmine?

SLUD/cholinergic crisis

Which dog is very sensitive to ivermectin?

german shepherd

propanolol

anti-arrhythmic agent

What is the MOA of propanolol?

beta-adrenergic antagonist

What are the uses of propanolol?

hypertension, arrhythmias

What are the adverse effects of propanolol?

bradycardia, lethargy, hypotension, bronchoconstriction

What are the actions of propamolol?

inhibits beta 1 adrenergic and beta 2

True or false: the doses of propanolol of dogs and cats for IV is 10% of oral doses

true

dichlorvos

Organophosphate poison

What is the MOA of dichlorvos?

anticholinesterase

What are the uses of dichlorvos?

found in pesticides, cattle dips/sprays, mosquito control

What are the adverse effects of dichlorvos?

SLUD/BLUD, cholinergic crisis

atenolol

anti-hypertensive

What is the MOA of atenolol?

beta adrenergic antagonist