[06.13] Qualitative Study Designs_ Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods V2.pdf

Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods

What three substantive differences must be looked at when selecting a research approach, according to John Creswell?

Positivist stance

What philosophical worldview is attached to the quantitative method?

One truth

What is the assumption underlying the positivist stance (quantitative method)?

Constructivist and transformative stance

What philosophical approach is associated with the qualitative method?

Ethnography

What study design is given as an example of a qualitative approach?

Various realities depending on how it is experienced

How is truth viewed in the qualitative approach?

The researcher cannot be separated from that experience during a research encounter

What is key about the researcher's role in the qualitative approach?

Transformative or pragmatic

What philosophical stance may mixed methods employ?

Philosophical opinions

Upon what do the methods, or the way you would gather data, depend?

Type of data collection methods

What depends on the research question and how it has been approached?

Well defined and fixed

How is validation described in quantitative research?

Interpreted information is valid and is part of the understanding of a worldview that there are multiple realities

What defines validity in qualitative research?

Ontology

What step in deciding research design involves looking into journals, RRL, theoretical positions, and paradigm assumptions?

Epistemology

What concept has to do with the knowledge of reality, or how you would know reality?

Methodology

What concept has to do with the ways of knowing?

Methods

What concept refers to the particular tools used in qualitative research?

Constructivist notions

What notion is qualitative research associated with?

Documenting or describing culture and processes (baseline data)

What is one purpose of qualitative research related to culture?

Exploration into social issues

What is one purpose of qualitative research related to societal problems?

Looking at social contexts

What approach will prompt approaching research from a qualitative point of view?

Deriving nuanced understanding

What purpose of QRM relates to understanding different contexts in a highly globalized world?

Challenging assumptions

What key function does QRM serve regarding fixed ideas?

You can challenge even your own assumptions

What can be challenged in qualitative studies, even if fixed assumptions exist?

Informing public policy

What is one purpose of QRM, exemplified by the Universal Health Care push?

How does public policy impact particular groups of people?

What question does QRM seek to answer regarding public policy impact?

Identifying needs for change

What is one purpose of QRM related to necessary evolution?

Problem solving

What is one purpose of QRM related to addressing issues?

Informing public policy, identifying needs for change, and problem solving

What three reasons were highlighted by the lecturer as very good reasons for conducting a qualitative study?

Not a step-by-step process

What is characteristic of the qualitative research process?

Circular

What term describes the flexible nature of the qualitative research process?

Exploratory nature

What characteristic of QRM allows the researcher to explore different approaches, concepts, and theories?

Review of related literature, developing a framework, identifying a specific site and list of informants, developing instruments, data gathering, data analysis, writing: constructing an argument

What are the seven steps of the qualitative research process listed?

Variables are known and set

What is true about variables in quantitative research, contrasting with QRM?

What topics have been over-studied, what questions have not been answered, how have past studies approached the topic

What three things can literature review help refine in qualitative research?

Theoretical, conceptual, analytical

What three types of frameworks might the researcher look into?

Arguments

What specific element is important to construct when writing the analysis, and to look for when reviewing literature?

Community

What must the researcher have a sense of relationship within when identifying a specific site?

Narrow and zoom on a particular criterion

If the community is too large (e.g., a hospital), what must the researcher do?

Interview guide, observation guide, consent forms

What are three examples of instruments used in qualitative research?

Observational guides

What instrument is used alongside an interview guide and consent forms in developing instruments?

Humanities

Where does Narrative Research originally come from?

Retell the lives of individuals in a chronological manner

What do researchers do in Narrative Research?

Written or oral text, pictures

What type of data is needed for Narrative Research?

Chronological narratives

What do the meanings in Narrative Research equal?

Philosophy and psychology

Where does Phenomenology originally come from?

Lived experiences of individuals about certain phenomena

What does Phenomenology talk about?

Sociology

Where does Grounded Theory originally come from?

Abstract theory from something observed (e.g., process, action) or interpreted

What does Grounded Theory do?

Patterns that are grounded on the views of participants

What is Grounded Theory trying to find?

The data spells the theory

What is the relationship between data and theory in Grounded Theory?

Focus more on individuals

What do Narrative Research and Phenomenology focus on, compared to Grounded Theory?

Only one reality regardless of context

What is the positivist belief regarding reality?

Sociology and anthropology

Where does Ethnography originally come from?

Shared patterns of behavior, language, actions of sociocultural group

What does Ethnography look at?

Observing a group of people in a natural setting over a prolonged period of time

What is the key method of classical Ethnography?

A program, process, or activity that is bound by time

What does a Case Study look at?

Studying it in a detailed manner

How is the subject of a Case Study studied?

Agrosino, 2005

Who provided the definition of ethnography cited in the source, and in what year?

A process by which a researcher inserts himself into the everyday lives of those whose beliefs and behaviors are to be studied

What is Agrosino’s definition of Ethnography?

Observe with the senses and intuit significance from insignificant information

What do trained ethnographers do?

What you feel, see, smell, hear

What should trained ethnographers describe, related to observing with senses?

Encounter

What is the interaction-based nature of ethnography also known as?

Holistic view

What does ethnography aim to get?

Fieldwork

What is Ethnography also known as?

Holistic and integrated

What are two characteristics of ethnography fieldwork?

Systems perspective

What kind of perspective does holistic and integrated ethnography take?

Natural setting (unobtrusive)

What kind of setting is ethnography fieldwork conducted in?

At least 1 year

What is the long time frame of classical ethnography?

Flexibility

What characteristic ties together the 5 types of research mentioned by Creswell, allowing for conversational interviews?

Holistic approach

What principle of classical ethnography involves looking at interconnections of relationships?

Inductive process

What principle of classical ethnography means analysis or theories are based on data ("grounded")?

Not always with a hypothesis nor “fixed” frameworks

What is true about the structure of inductive research?

Reflexivity

What principle of classical ethnography includes the researcher’s relationship and positionality?

Set aside or “bracket” their own ideas and assumptions

What must a researcher do regarding their own assumptions when engaging with communities?

Intensively focused on small communities (or sub-groups) and other “communities”

What is classical ethnography intensively focused on?

Online communities

What type of community existed before and was magnified during the COVID pandemic, challenging how fieldwork is conducted?

Not a one-size-fits-all

What is the nuanced nature of qualitative generalizations?

Not about high numbers, but about capturing segments of society

What is qualitative generalization focused on?

Narratives (description)

What practical point involves trying to capture as much of the stories as possible?

Coding

What process involves finding claims and meaning in the stories people tell, and identifying significant/repeated themes?

Counter arguments and inconsistencies

What might coding reveal and capture between different people?

Systems orientation or complex whole

What does holism mean?

Assumes integration of social life

What does the systems orientation assume?

Archaeology, physical anthropology, linguistic anthropology, socio/cultural anthropology

What are the original four fields of anthropology?

Assumes humans are both biological and cultural beings

What does anthropology assume about humans?

Social life is not static; it is dynamic and changing

What is the characteristic of social life documented by cultural anthropology?

What is happening in the present (when the study is conducted)

What is documented in QRM?

Different range of perspectives on a topic including unpopular, excluded, and marginal perspectives

What does having different vantages mean?

Remove the outliers

What do quantitative studies do to focus on the general population description?

Outliers are important

What is the anthropological or social science standpoint regarding outliers?

Making the unseen seen, and marginal voices heard

What is the goal of giving voices to marginal people?

Triangulation

What process involves locating the truth or reality between what is said, observed, and recorded or archived?

A long time

What helps the researcher understand the context of information before arriving at a truth?

Subjective and objective

What two elements is qualitative research concerned with balancing?

Still considered a science

How is qualitative research regarded, despite being looser than quantitative studies?

Objectivity

What element is demonstrated by having rigors, steps, and not fabricating data?

Informants are oftentimes quoted

What practice accurately encapsulates what informants mean, ensuring objectivity?

Subjective nature

What element exists because data is being interpreted?

Ethnocentrism

What term refers to having a view that one's own culture is the best, often shrouding the ability to listen properly?

Uneducated, primitive, uncivilized, superstitious, taga-bundok

What five derogatory words were listed that researchers should avoid using to describe a community?