Studied by 11 people
Population
A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
Community
All the different populations that live together in an area
Ecosystem
A community of organisms and their abiotic environment
Autotroph
An organism that makes its own food (plant)
Heterotroph
organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer
Producer
An organism that can make its own food.
primary consumer
An organism that eats producers
secondary consumer
An organism that eats primary consumers
tertiary consumer
An organism that eats secondary consumers
Herbivore
organism that obtains energy by eating only plants. aka primary consumer
Omnivore
organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals
Carnivore
organism that obtains energy by eating animals
Decomposer
organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter
trophic level
each of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem, comprising organisms that share the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy.
biotic factors
living parts of an ecosystem
abiotic factors
nonliving parts of an ecosystem
limiting factor
Any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms.
carrying capacity
Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Biodiversity
The amount of biological or living diversity per unit area. It includes the concepts of species diversity, habitat diversity and genetic diversity.
habitat degredation
changes that reduce quality of the habitat for many, but not all, species
overconsumption
using more resources than can be replaced
invasive species
species that enter new ecosystems and multiply, harming native species and their habitats
pollution
Release of harmful materials into the environment
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
feedback mechanism
a cycle in which the output of a system either modifies or reinforces the first action taken by the system
sensor
in homeostasis, a receptor that detects a stimulus
Effector
an organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus.
Molecule
A group of atoms bonded together
Organelle
A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
Cells
The basic unit of structure and function in all living things
Tissue
A group of similar cells that perform the same function.
Organ
A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
organ system
A group of organs that work together to perform a major function.
organism
Any living thing
control center
processes the signal and sends instructions
respiratory system
A system of organs, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment,
circulatory system
Transports oxygen, waste, nutrients, hormones, heat, etc... around the body
Muscular System
enables movement of the body and internal organs
Stimulus
A change, generally an abiotic factor, in an organism's surroundings that causes the organism to react
nerve, hormones
Communication tools for the body
digestive system
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.
active site
a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
Substrate
The reactant on which an enzyme works.
Denature
A change in the shape of a protein (such as an enzyme) that can be caused by changes in temperature or pH (among other things).
pH
measure of acid/base
Temperature
A measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance.
catalyst
substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
optimal
Best or most favorable related to enzyme reaction rate
lock and key model
enzymes only work with one substrate
reusable
Enzymes are not a reactant or a product - they are able to be used again.
amylase
enzyme that digests starches
glucose
product of the digestion of starch
activation energy
Energy needed to get a reaction started
ethanol
2 carbon molecule used as a fuel additive
product
A substance produced in a chemical reaction
Law of Conservation of Energy
energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another
Glucose
Product of photosynthesis, food for plants and animals
Lipid
macromolecule made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes
Protein
An molecule that is made of one or more chains of amino acids
Carbohydrates
An organic molecule made up of one or more sugars. one-sugar is called a monosaccharide; multiple linked sugars is called a polysaccharide.
Polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
Monomer
A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers
Monosaccharides
Single sugar molecules (monomer of carbohydrate)
fatty acids
chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms that make up lipids
amino acids
monomers of proteins
covalent bond
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
dehydration synthesis
Reaction where molecules are connected by loss of a water molecule.
Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
Glycerol
Combines with fatty acids to make lipids.
polysaccharides
large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides
Glycerides
the most common form of lipids consisting of a glycerol molecule with up to three fatty acids ex: triglyceride
Polypeptide
long chain of amino acids that makes proteins
Reactant(s)
A chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction
carbon atoms
can form single, double & triple bonds;these organic compounds can have different shapes/patterns
Combustion
A rapid reaction between oxygen and fuel that results in fire, H2O and CO2 products
cellular respiration
Set of processes that releases energy by breaking down glucose
mitochondria
An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
Glucosey
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues.
water
byproduct of aerobic respiration, kept in cells
Oxygen
final electron acceptor in the ETC
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
gas produced during the breakdown of pyruvate in Kreb's Cycle
Aerobic
Process that requires oxygen
Anaerobic
Process that does not require oxygen
food
source of energy and building materials
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended, site of glycolysis
Glycolysis
first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
completes the breakdown of glucose
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to generate ATP
Electron
negatively charged particle that powers the formation of ATP
NADH and FADH2
electron carriers
lactic acid
Produced in muscle cells under anaerobic conditions) so that glycolysis can continue. A rise in lactic acid usually accompanies an increase in physical activity.
pyruvate (pyruvic acid)
a three-carbon molecule formed from glucose during glycolysis
ADP
a lower-energy molecule that can be converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group
Fermentation
anaerobic process done by some bacteria and yeast that produces ethanol
photosynthesis
Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars
chloroplast
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
autotroph
An organism that makes its own food (plant)
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Flashcard (30)