HONORS BIO FINAL SEMESTER 1

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Population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

Community

All the different populations that live together in an area

Ecosystem

A community of organisms and their abiotic environment

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food (plant)

Heterotroph

organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer

Producer

An organism that can make its own food.

primary consumer

An organism that eats producers

secondary consumer

An organism that eats primary consumers

tertiary consumer

An organism that eats secondary consumers

Herbivore

organism that obtains energy by eating only plants. aka primary consumer

Omnivore

organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals

Carnivore

organism that obtains energy by eating animals

Decomposer

organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter

trophic level

each of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem, comprising organisms that share the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy.

biotic factors

living parts of an ecosystem

abiotic factors

nonliving parts of an ecosystem

limiting factor

Any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms.

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Biodiversity

The amount of biological or living diversity per unit area. It includes the concepts of species diversity, habitat diversity and genetic diversity.

habitat degredation

changes that reduce quality of the habitat for many, but not all, species

overconsumption

using more resources than can be replaced

invasive species

species that enter new ecosystems and multiply, harming native species and their habitats

pollution

Release of harmful materials into the environment

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

feedback mechanism

a cycle in which the output of a system either modifies or reinforces the first action taken by the system

sensor

in homeostasis, a receptor that detects a stimulus

Effector

an organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus.

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together

Organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Cells

The basic unit of structure and function in all living things

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

Organ

A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

organ system

A group of organs that work together to perform a major function.

organism

Any living thing

control center

processes the signal and sends instructions

respiratory system

A system of organs, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment,

circulatory system

Transports oxygen, waste, nutrients, hormones, heat, etc... around the body

Muscular System

enables movement of the body and internal organs

Stimulus

A change, generally an abiotic factor, in an organism's surroundings that causes the organism to react

nerve, hormones

Communication tools for the body

digestive system

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

active site

a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Substrate

The reactant on which an enzyme works.

Denature

A change in the shape of a protein (such as an enzyme) that can be caused by changes in temperature or pH (among other things).

pH

measure of acid/base

Temperature

A measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance.

catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

optimal

Best or most favorable related to enzyme reaction rate

lock and key model

enzymes only work with one substrate

reusable

Enzymes are not a reactant or a product - they are able to be used again.

amylase

enzyme that digests starches

glucose

product of the digestion of starch

activation energy

Energy needed to get a reaction started

ethanol

2 carbon molecule used as a fuel additive

product

A substance produced in a chemical reaction

Law of Conservation of Energy

energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another

Glucose

Product of photosynthesis, food for plants and animals

Lipid

macromolecule made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes

Protein

An molecule that is made of one or more chains of amino acids

Carbohydrates

An organic molecule made up of one or more sugars. one-sugar is called a monosaccharide; multiple linked sugars is called a polysaccharide.

Polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

Monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules (monomer of carbohydrate)

fatty acids

chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms that make up lipids

amino acids

monomers of proteins

covalent bond

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

dehydration synthesis

Reaction where molecules are connected by loss of a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

Glycerol

Combines with fatty acids to make lipids.

polysaccharides

large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides

Glycerides

the most common form of lipids consisting of a glycerol molecule with up to three fatty acids ex: triglyceride

Polypeptide

long chain of amino acids that makes proteins

Reactant(s)

A chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction

carbon atoms

can form single, double & triple bonds;these organic compounds can have different shapes/patterns

Combustion

A rapid reaction between oxygen and fuel that results in fire, H2O and CO2 products

cellular respiration

Set of processes that releases energy by breaking down glucose

mitochondria

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Glucosey

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues.

water

byproduct of aerobic respiration, kept in cells

Oxygen

final electron acceptor in the ETC

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

gas produced during the breakdown of pyruvate in Kreb's Cycle

Aerobic

Process that requires oxygen

Anaerobic

Process that does not require oxygen

food

source of energy and building materials

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended, site of glycolysis

Glycolysis

first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

completes the breakdown of glucose

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to generate ATP

Electron

negatively charged particle that powers the formation of ATP

NADH and FADH2

electron carriers

lactic acid

Produced in muscle cells under anaerobic conditions) so that glycolysis can continue. A rise in lactic acid usually accompanies an increase in physical activity.

pyruvate (pyruvic acid)

a three-carbon molecule formed from glucose during glycolysis

ADP

a lower-energy molecule that can be converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group

Fermentation

anaerobic process done by some bacteria and yeast that produces ethanol

photosynthesis

Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars

chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

autotroph

An organism that makes its own food (plant)