Human Anatomy MIDTERM Vocab C1-C4

Metabolism

chemical reactions that occur in the body and all of its cells

Excretion

the process of removing excretes, or wastes, from the body

Reproduction

the production of offspring, can occur on the cellular or organismal level

Growth

increase in cell size or body size that is usually accomplished by an increase in the number of cells

Anatomical Position

standard positioning of the body as standing; arms to the side, feet together, with head, eyes, and palms of hands forward

Homeostasis

describes the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing.

Receptor

sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment

Effector

provides the means for the control center's response to the stimulus

Anatomy

the study of the shape and structure of the body and its parts

Physiology

the study of the body's functions

Movement

includes all activities promoted by the muscular system

Digestion

the process of breaking down ingested food the body can turn into energy

Digestive System Anatomy

oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and rectum.

Digestive System Physiology

breaks down food into absorbable nutrients that enter the blood

Urinary System Anatomy

kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

Urinary System Physiology

eliminates waste from the body, regulates water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance of the blood

Reproductive System Anatomy

prostate gland, testis, uterus, ovaries

Reproductive System Physiology

production of offspring

Integumentary System Anatomy

skin, hair, nails

Integumentary System Physiology

waterproofs the body, cushions and protects the deeper tissues, produces vitamin D, regulates body temperature

Skeletal System Anatomy

bones, cartilage, joints

Skeletal System Physiology

supports the body and provides a framework, creation of new blood cells, protects vital organs

Nervous System Anatomy

brain, sensory receptors, spinal cord, nerves

Nervous System Physiology

fast acting control system, responds to outside stimuli

Endorcrine System Anatomy

pancreas, adrenal glands, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, testis, ovaries

Endocrine System Physiology

secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells

Cardiovascular System Anatomy

heart and blood vessels

Cardiovascular system physiology

blood vessels transport blood, heart pumps blood

Lymphatic System Anatomy

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic System Physiology

picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood, disposes of debris in lymphatic stream, houses white blood cells involved in immunity

Respiratory System Anatomy

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Respiratory System Physiology

keeps blood supplied with oxygen, removes carbon dioxide, gas exchange occurs through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs

Matter

occupies space and has mass; exist as gas, liquid, or solid

Energy

the capacity to do work or to move matter

Kinetic Energy

active energy

Potential Energy

stored energy

Chemical Energy

energy stored in chemical bonds

Electrical Energy

results from the movement of charged particles

Mechanical Energy

the energy associated with the motion and position of everyday objects

Radiant Energy

energy carried by an electromagnetic wave

ATP

the energy currency used by all body cells

Elements

made of atoms, can't be broken down into simpler substances, and remain the same element

Periodic Table

a complete listing of the elements seen in chemistry

Atoms

made of protons (+), electrons (-), and protons (no charge); building blocks of matter

Atomic Symbol

An abbreviation for an element or atom

Inorganic Compounds

Compounds that do not contain carbon

Organic Compounds

Compounds that contain carbon

Salt

An ionic compound made from the neutralization of an acid with a base.

Electrolytes

minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance

Acids "proton (H+) donors"

compounds that form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

Bases "proton (H+) acceptors"

compounds that reduce the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

pH scale

scale with values from 0 to 14, used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution; a pH of 0 to 7 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral, and a pH of 7 to 14 is basic

Buffers

weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH

Polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

Monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

Carbohydrates

the starches and sugars present in foods

Monosacchrides

simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose)

Glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues.

Disaccharides

2 simple sugars joined by dehydration- sucrose, lactose, maltose

Polysaccharides

long branching chains of link simple sugars

Lipids

Organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; examples are fats and cholesterol.

Triglyceride

compounds composed of fatty acids and glycerol; fats and oils also called neutral fats

Saturated Fats

fatty acid chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms

Unsaturated fats

fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms

Phospholipids

a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

Steroid

flat molecules formed of four interlocking carbon rings

Cholesterol

A type of fat made by the body from saturated fat; a minor part of fat in foods.

Protein

a complex nitrogenous substance, the main building material of cells

Amino Acids

building blocks of proteins

Enzymes

a substance formed by living cells that act as catalyst in chemical reactions in the body

Catalyst

substance that increases the rate of chemical reaction without itself becoming chemically changed or part of the product

Tissue

A group of cells that are similar in structure and function

Epithelium

the covering or lining of the body and body cavities

Apical Surface

the free surface of epithelium

Basement Membrane

the anchored surface of epithelium

Avascular

lacking in blood supply

Gland

a product that contains protein molecules in an aqueous (water based) solution

Secretion

consists of one or more cells that produce and secrete a product

Endocrine Gland

no duct; secretions leak directly into blood vessels

Exocrine Gland

has duct system; secretions exit to epithelial surface

Neuroglia

a special group of supporting cells that insulate, support, and protect the neurons

Regeneration

an abnormal mass of new cells; means "new growth"

Neoplasm

a replacement of damaged tissue by the same kind of cells

Hyperplasm

an increase in cell number, and often size, due to a local irritant that stimulates the cells

Atrophy

a decrease in size of an organ or body tissue that loses its normal stimulation

Extracellular Matrix

composed of ground substance and fibers. Lives outside the cells

Tendons

attached skeletal muscle to bone

Ligaments

attach bone to bone

Edema

the condition from inflammation in the body, results in a swelling, puffy fluid around the injury site

Epidermis

outermost layer of skin

Dermis

middle layer of skin

Subcutaneous (hypodermis)

the fatty layer of tissue located beneath the dermis

Keratinocytes

the most abundant epidermal cells, they function mainly to produce keratin

Epithelial membranes

thin sheets of tissue lining the internal and external surfaces of the body

Cutaneous membrane

the skin; composed of epidermal and dermal layers

Mucous membrane (mucosa)

the type of membrane which lines body cavities which are open to the exterior

Serous membrane (serosa)

line compartments in the ventral body cavity that are closed to the exterior

Keratin

fibrous protein that is responsible for the strength and water resistance of the skin surface

Stratum basale

deepest layer of the epidermis

Stratum Lucidum

a layer of the epidermis found only in the thick skin of the fingers, palms, and soles