Health and Human Development Unit 3 and 4 Exam Revision

Who Developed the SDG’s

United Nations

Target year for the SDG’s

2030

The 3 Rationales of the SDG’s

The Millennium Development Goals finished in 2015 and had achieved significant gains.

Progress in all areas was uneven with the poor and the most disadvantaged groups left behind in terms of progress.

New global challenges had emerged that needed to be considered to ensure sustainable improvements in human development.

The 3 Objectives of the SDG’s

End extreme poverty

Fight Inequality and injustice

Tackle climate change

SDG 3: Good Health and Wellbeing

Aims to improve physical and mental health and wellbeing in all countries by reducing morbidity and mortality.

It aims to reduce maternal, infant and Under 5 mortality rates as well as premature mortality from communicable and non-communicable diseases.

It also allows for universal health coverage.

SDG 1: No Poverty

Eradicate extreme poverty

Equal rights and access to social protection systems

Build Resilience of the poor.

SDG 2: Zero Hunger

End of all forms of hunger and malnutrition

Access to safe, nutritious food all year round.

Sustainable agricultural productivity

Address trade restrictions

SDG 4: Quality Education

Provide quality pre-primary to tertiary education

Numeracy/Literacy levels

Employment opportunities

SDG 5: Gender Equality

Equal Opportunities for all

Decision making

Leadership

End all forms of discrimination

SDG 6: Clean water and sanitation

Access to safe drinking water

Improves water quality

Local communities improving water and sanitation

SDG 13: Climate Action

Strengthen Resilience/Capacity

Integrate measures

Improve Education awareness

Implement commitment to changes

The WHOs Mission

Promote Health - keep the world safe and serve the vulnerable.

The work of the WHO (6)

Provide Leadership and create partnerships to promote health and wellbeing.

Conduct research and provide health and wellbeing information

Set norms and standards and promote and monitor their implementation

Develop policies to assist countries to take action to promote health and wellbeing.

Provide technical support and help build sustainable health systems

Monitor health and wellbeing and assess health and wellbeing trends.

The 3 strategic priorities and goals of the WHO

Achieving Universal health coverage

Addressing Health Emergencies

Promoting Healthier Populations

Achieving Universal Health Coverage

Service Access and quality

Health workforce

Access to medicines/vaccines/health products

Governance/finance

Health information

Advocacy

Country Support

Addressing Health Emergencies

Building capacity to keep the world safe from epidemics and health emergencies.

All people have quick access to essential health services during health emergencies.

Promoting Healthier Populations

Improving Human Capital

Preventing non-communicable diseases

Eradicating high impact communicable diseases

Tackling Antimicrobial resistance

Health effects of climate change in small islands.

Emergency Aid

It is immediate and urgent response to life-threatening situations including natural disasters such as tsunami, floods or man-made emergencies such as war.
Provides assistance to an emergency to reduce suffering, help people stay alive and reduce mortality.

Emergency Aid Advantages and disadvantages

Advantage: Prevents further loss of lives and aims to relieve suffering.

Disadvantage: Could lead to countries becoming dependent on handouts.

Bilateral Aid

Aid given from the government of one country directly to the government of another country. The two governments consult and come to an agreement about the aid arrangement.
Usually the type of aid benefits the donor country because there are financial benefits or gains involved.

Bilateral Aid Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantage: Consultation between countries to receive aid that the country needs.

Disadvantage: Projects may not benefit the people who need it the most, e.g. poorest people.

Non-government Organisation (NGO) Aid

Provides essential services in the developing world that in developed countries governmental agencies or institutions would provide.
Their efforts are often more effective, because poor people benefit.
Delivered in places aid can’t reach. Better health outcomes are generally gained.

Non-government organisation (NGO) Aid Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantage: Reaches the most vulnerable people.

Disadvantage: May not access due to restrictions or conflict in areas they have approval for.

Multilateral Aid

Aid given by the governments of many countries and distribute through international organisations such as the United Nations, WHO and the world bank.
This aid is for large scale projects which include emergency relief and funding for global issues such as disease control, global warming and large scale infrastructure projects.

Multilateral Aid Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantage: Aims to address cause/consequence of poverty and targets countries whom need it.

Disadvantage: Delivery costs/administrative can sometimes eat up money and can be delayed.

Australia’s Aid program

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT)

Purpose of Australia’s aid program

Promote Australia’s national interests by contributing to sustainable economic growth and poverty resolution. Achieved through private sector development and strengthening human development.

Private Sector Partnership

For people to escape poverty they must be given the opportunity to develop and use their skills more productively whilst earning a wage.

Australia Aid - Indo-pacific region

Improve and promote security with law & order, prevent conflict, manage threats to health.

Have a moral obligation to help the poor by strengthening relationships.

Australia’s Aid Partnerships

Other government agencies

Private Sector Partnerships

Bilateral Partnerships

Multilateral Partnerships

Non-Government Organisations

Priorities of Australian Aid (6) (ABEIGE)

Infrastructure, trade, facilitation and international competitiveness

Agriculture, fisheries and water

Education & Health

Gender Equality and empowering women & Girls

Effective governance, policies, institutions, functioning economics.

Building resilience, humanitarian assistance disaster risk reduction. Low, middle and high income countries

GNI Per Capita

The total value of goals and services a country’s citizens produce including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country.

GNI Per Capita Range

High income- >$12696

Upper-middle income- $4096-$12695

Lower-middle income- $1046-$4095

Low-income- <$1045

Economic Characteristics

High-income Countries

Lower levels of poverty

Wide range of industries (education, healthcare, mining, technology)

Higher average incomes

Low-income Countries

Higher levels of Poverty

Low range of industries (agriculture)

Lower average incomes

Social Characteristics

High-income Countries

Higher education levels

Higher Gender Equality

Lower birth rates

Higher employment

Developed social security systems

Healthcare systems

Developed legal systems

Access to Technology

Low-income Countries

Lower Education Levels

Higher Gender Equality

Higher Birth Rates

Lower Employment

Undeveloped social security Lack of healthcare systems

Undeveloped Legal systems Lack of Access to technology

Environmental Characteristics

High-income Countries

Access to safe water and Sanitation

Food Security

Adequate Housing

High levels of Carbon Dioxide (mining, manufacturing companies)

Low-income countries

Lack of access to safe water and sanitation

Lack of food security

Inadequate Housing

Inadequate infrastructure

Low levels of Carbon Dioxide

Double Burden of Disease

Refers to when a country experiences infectious diseases and lifestyle diseases.

Factors Contributing to similarities In health status

Access to safe water

Sanitation

Poverty

Inequality and discrimination

Global Distribution and Marketing of tobacco, alcohol and processed foods.

Access to safe water

Water that is not contaminated with disease-causing pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and parasites, or chemicals (such as lead, mercury)

Access to safe water Diseases

Diarrhoea

Malnutrition

Cholera

Sanitation

Refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human waste (faeces, urine), but can also refer to the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal.

Malaria

Is a disease caused by Lack of sanitation and is transmitted through infected mosquitos.

Poverty prevents access to:

Nutritious Foods

Housing

Clean water/sanitation

Education

Healthcare

Government Services

Absolute/Extreme Poverty

Living on less than US $1.90

Relative Poverty

Those living on

Inequality

the state of not being equal, especially in status and opportunities

Discrimination

When a person or group of people is treated differently than other people, often a result of factors such as race, religion, sex, sexual orientation and gender identity.

Human Rights

Related to the freedoms and conditions to which every persons entitled, e.g. the right to education

Racial Discrimination

Any discrimination against any individual on the basis of their skil colour, race or ethnic group.

Displacement

Where people are forced to flee or leave their homes generally due to conflict.

Forced Marriage

Where a person gets married without freely and fully consenting.

Obstetric Fistula

A condition that is caused by complications associated with obstructed labour. The tissues between the woman’s vagina and pubic bone are damaged by pressure from the infant’s neck.

FGM (female genital mutilation)

Is where partial or total movement of the external females genitalia or injury to the organs for non-medical reasons.

Globalisation

The process whereby boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated allowing individuals, groups and companies to act on a global scale.

Marketing

The activities of a company associated with selling a product or service, including advertising, selling and delivering products to people.

Global Marketing

Laws/rules relating to marketing on a global scale

Processed Foods

Is applied to any food which has been changed from its natural state, for safety, convenience of eating and to make it more attractive to buy. Often high in salt, sugar and fat.

Sustainability

Is described as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Types of Sustainability

Economic

Social

Environment

Economic Sustainability

Ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and living cost in the future.

Economic Sustainability Characteristics

Employment/job creation
Innovation and diversity of industry
Trade
Economic Growth/Sustainable Incomes

Social Sustainability

Creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely.

Social Sustainability Characteristics

Elimination of poverty and social support systems

Education

Healthcare

Gender Equality

Access to safe and decent working conditions

Promotion of political and legal rights

Peace and Security

Environmental Sustainability

Ensuring that the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future.

Environmental Characteristics

Biodiversity

Use of Natural Resources (renewable and non-renewable)

Waste removal and pollution control

Climate change

Human Development

Human development is about creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests. It is about expanding peoples choices and enhancing their capabilities (the range of things people can be and do), having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living and particularly in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives.

Human Development Characteristics

Lead productive lives

Lead long and healthy lives

Participation in decisions

Have choice and freedom

Enhance their capabilities

Participate in their community

Have access to knowledge

Have access to resources for a decent standard of living

HDI Dimensions

A long and healthy life

Knowledge

A decent standard of living

Indicators of HDI

A long and healthy life (Life expectancy at birth)

Knowledge (Means years of schooling and Expected years of schooling)

A decent standard of living (GNI per capita)

Human Development Index

The four indicators are combined to create a scale between 0 and 1. The closer to 1 the better a country is.

Advantages of the HDI

More than average incomes, it includes education, life expectancy.
Composite Statistic
Analyse Progress
Raised Awareness, media, policy makers, communities, individuals

Disadvantages of the HDI

Selected aspects of the HDI
Based on Averages
No survey data, feelings, issues aren’t considered
Reliability of data equals a challenge.

Climate Change Trends

Rising Sea Levels

More extreme weather events

Changing Weather Patterns

Rising sea levels examples

Relocation of villages

Reduction in availability of fresh water

Reduction on agriculture and food supplies

More extreme weather events

Rainfall patterns

Cyclones/floods/droughts/fires/storms

Changing Weather patterns

Increased risk of infectious diseases

Extremes in temperature

Changes in types of crops that can be grown

Reduced access to fresh water

Mass Migration Trends

Impact of conflict and mass migration

Impact of conflict and mass migration

Injuries and loss of life

Destruction of infrastructure such as hospitals, bridges, water, etc.

Economic strain including higher rates of unemployment

War crimes such as rape

Exposure to weapons

Mass Migration

World Trade and Tourism Trends

Impact of world trade
Impact of tourism

Impact of world trade

Increased economic growth and employment

Exploitation of those in low-, middle- income countries

Environment degradation

Impact on Tourism

Increased economic growth and employment

The promotion of peace, security and environmental protection

Strain on environment, infrastructure and services

Digital Technologies

Increased and more effective communication

Mobile phone technology, allows for greater disaster preparedness.

Provide countries with the ability to register births, deaths and marriages

Greater access to health care Privacy and safety concerns

Disease Categories

Public Health

Public Health relates to the actions of governments that works to promote health and wellbeing and prevent illness. Its’ concerned with the organization and collective effort to improve the health of the entire population.Refers to ways the government monitor, regulates, promotes health and prevents illness.

Old Public Health

Refers to the actions taken by the government that focused on improving the physical environment and public hygiene to reduce ill-health. The actions included the establishment of government-funded water and sewerage systems, so people had clean water to drink, better sanitation, including toilets, improved nutrition, improved housing conditions and better work conditions.

Policies Associated with Old Public Health

Improved Water and Sanitation

Better Quality Housing

Introduction of Quarantine Laws

Mass Immunization Programs

Safer Working Conditions

Better quality food and nutrition

More Hygienic Birthing Practices

Provision of Antenatal and infant welfare services

Establishment of public health campaigns to prevent infectious disease

Biomedical Model of Health Definition

Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It is a medical model practiced by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, treatment and cure of disease.

Advantages of the Biomedical Model of Health

It enables many illnesses to be treated

It extends life expectancy

It improves quality of life and HALE

Disadvantages of the Biomedical Model of Health

It relies on health professionals and technology

It doesn’t promote good health and wellbeing

Not every condition can be treated

New Public Health./Social Model of Health Definition

An approach that recognizes improvements in health and wellbeing can only be achieved by directing effort towards addressing the physical, sociocultural and political environments of health that have an impact on individuals and population groups.Also known as the Social Model of Health

5 Principles of Social Model of Health

Addresses the Broader Determinants of Health (Age, sex, culture, SES)

Involves Intersectoral Collaboration(organizations working together)

Acts to reduce social inequalities

Acts to enable access to healthcare

Empowers individuals and communities How to remember; I.D.E.A.R. A.R.E.A.S

Advantages of the Social Model of Health

It promotes good health and wellbeing

It is less expensive

It focuses on vulnerable population groups.

Education can be passed on through generations

Disadvantages of the Social Model of Health

Not every illness can be treated

It does not promote the development of technology

Health promotion messages may be ignored

Health Promotion

The process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health.

Pre-requisites for Health

Equity

Sustainable Resources

Education

Income

Food

Shelter

Peace

A Stable Ecosystem

Social Justice

3 Strategies for Health Promotion

Advocate

Enable

Mediate

5 Action Areas for the Ottawa Charter

Build Healthy Public Policy

Create Supportive Environments

Strengthen Community Action

Develop Personal Skills

Reorient Health Services

Indigenous Health Promotion Strategies

Fitzroy Stars - Sporting club which aims to give indigenous Australians a place to exercise and socialize.
The Purple Truck - kidney dialysis within the indigenous population group.
Yarning it Up - Quit Tobacco Project

Evaluating Programs

Improvements to Health and Wellbeing

The number of participants

Feedback Provided by Participants

Action Areas of the Ottawa Charter

Whether it is Culturally Appropriate

Whether the program target specific needs of target group

Funding that has been provided

Whether it targets a significant health issue

Why is Smoking targeted

Diseases from smoking are preventable.

It costs the Australian Government Billions.

Affects Vulnerable Groups

Causes premature death lowering life expectancy

Australian Dietary Guideline 1

To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs.