Microbiology quiz 2 (biological molecules)

I'm cooked pt. 2

Covalent Bonding

• Electrons are shared between 2 atoms

Non-polar covalent bond (equal electron sharing)

• C-C

• C-H

• H-H

Polar covalent bond (unequal electron sharing)

• O-H

• N-H

• O-C

• N-C

Hydrophobic molecules repel water -

• Often non-polar molecules (oil)

Hydrophilic molecules like water -

• Often polar molecules (sugar)

Polar molecules can form attractions called hydrogen bonds

• Very polar bonds create partial positive and partial negative charges.

• A partial negative charge can attract a partial positive charge of another molecule to form a hydrogen bond

• A partial positive charge can have its electrons pulled away from it towards another atom

• Polar molecule that is hydrophilic

(Photo)

• Non-polar molecule that is hydrophobic

(photo)

Polar molecules can form -

• Attractions called hydrogen bonds

Very polar bonds create -

• Partial positive  (δ+) and partial negative  (δ)  charges.

A partial negative charge can -

• Attracts partial positive charge of another molecule to form a hydrogen bond

Hydrogen bonds are incredibly important in -

• DNA molecules, RNA molecules, and protein and how they function

4 classifications of biological molecules

• Proteins

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Nucleic acids

Proteins consist of -

• Catalase

• Keratin

• Amylase

• Actin

• Myosin

Carbohydrates consist of -

• Fructose

• Glucose

• Starch

• Chitin

Lipids consist of -

• Fatty acids

• Phospholipids

• Triglycerides

Nucleic acids consist of -

• ATP

• DNA

• RNA

Protein functions

• Defense

• Storage

• Transport

• Regulation

• Enzymes

• Reception

• Motion

• Structure

• Make pigments

Carbohydrate functions

• Quick energy

• Energy storage

• Structure

Lipid functions

• Long-term energy storage

• Cell membranes

Nucleic acid functions

• Information storage

• Transmitting information

• Easy energy source (ATP)

Elements in Proteins

• C

• H

• O

• N

• Sometimes S

Elements in Carbohydrates

• C

• H

• O

• 1:2:1 ratio

Elements in Lipids

• C

• H

• Little or no O

Elements in Nucleic acids

• C

• H

• O

• N

• P

• Protein

(Photo)

Lipid

(Photo)

• Nucleic acid

(Photo)

• Carbohydrate

(Photo)

Monomer of Proteins

• Amino acids

Monomers of Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharide

Monomers of Lipids

• Fatty acids

Monomers of Nucleic acids

• Nucleotides

Protein classifications

• Di-peptide (2)

• Tri-peptide (3)

• Poly-peptide (many)

Lipid classifications

• Di-glyceride (2)

• Tri-glyceride (3)

Carbohydrate classifications

• Di-saccharide (2)

• Tri-saccharide (3)

• Poly-saccharide (many)

Nucleic acid classifications

• Di-nucleotide (2)

• Tri-nucleotide (3)

• Poly-nucleotide (many)

Dehydration synthesis

• A chemical reaction where smaller molecules are joined together to form larger molecules

Hydrolysis

• A chemical reaction where large molecules are broken down to form smaller molecules

Monomer

• A single, small molecule that can join with others to form larger molecules

Dimer

• A molecule made up of two monomers bonded together

Trimer

• A molecule made up of three monomers bonded together

Oligomer

• A short chain of monomers (usually a few, 4-10) linked together

Polymer

• A large molecule made up of many repeating monomers, often hundreds or thousands in length