AP world Unit 5 exam

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement in the 18th century that emphasized reason

Empiricism

The theory that knowledge comes from sensed experience and observation (experiments) rather than religious revelation.

Social Contract

The theory that legitimate government comes from an agreement among the governed to surrender some freedoms in exchange for protection of rights.

Natural Rights

The idea (John Locke) that all humans are born with rights to Life

Deism

The belief in a "Clockmaker God" who created the universe but does not intervene in it; popular among rationalist thinkers.

Liberalism

A political ideology prioritizing individual liberties

Nationalism

An intense loyalty to others who share one's language and culture; a major force for state-building and revolution in the 19th century.

Feminism

The movement for women's rights and equality

Abolitionism

The movement to end slavery and the slave trade

Zionism

The movement for the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine to escape European anti-Semitism.

Thomas Hobbes

English philosopher who argued humans are naturally wicked and need a strong

John Locke

English philosopher who argued for natural rights and the right to revolt if the government fails to protect them (Two Treatises of Government).

Baron de Montesquieu

French philosopher who proposed the "Separation of Powers" (Checks and Balances) to prevent tyranny.

Voltaire

French philosopher who advocated fiercely for civil liberties

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Swiss-French thinker who argued for the "General Will" of the people as the basis of government (The Social Contract).

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer who argued women were not naturally inferior to men but only appeared so due to lack of education (A Vindication of the Rights of Woman).

Olympe de Gouges

French activist who wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman to expose the failures of the French Revolution to include women; was executed.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

American suffragist who organized the Seneca Falls Convention and authored the Declaration of Sentiments.

Seneca Falls Convention

The first major women's rights convention in the U.S. (1848)

American Revolution

Rebellion of British colonies (1775-1783) inspired by Enlightenment ideas of representation and natural rights.

Declaration of Independence

Document (1776) authored by Thomas Jefferson that formally declared separation from Britain

French Revolution

A radical overthrow of the French monarchy and social hierarchy (1789-1799) driven by social inequality and Enlightenment ideals.

Three Estates

The legal social hierarchy of France before the revolution (Clergy

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

A foundational document of the French Revolution proclaiming universal rights to liberty

Reign of Terror

The radical phase of the French Revolution led by Robespierre where thousands were executed via guillotine to "protect the revolution."

Maximilien Robespierre

Leader of the Jacobins who orchestrated the Reign of Terror.

Napoleon Bonaparte

French general who became Emperor

Haitian Revolution

The only successful slave rebellion in history (1791-1804)

Toussaint Louverture

A former slave and brilliant general who led the Haitian rebellion against the French.

Latin American Revolutions

Wars of independence in Central and South America (1810-1825) led by Creole elites against Spanish rule.

Creoles

People of European descent born in the Americas who led the revolutions to gain political power from the Peninsulares.

Simón Bolívar

The "Liberator" of South America who led independence movements in Venezuela

Jamaica Letter

A document written by Simón Bolívar (1815) arguing for Latin American independence and outlining his vision for the region.

Gran Colombia

Bolívar's failed attempt to create a massive

José de San Martín

Leader of independence movements in Argentina and Chile who collaborated with Bolívar.

Pedro I

Son of the Portuguese King who declared Brazil independent and became its first Constitutional Emperor.

Italian Unification

The political and social movement (Risorgimento) that consolidated the different states of the Italian peninsula into a single state (1861).

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian military leader whose "Red Shirts" conquered southern Italy

German Unification

The unification of German states into the German Empire (1871) under Prussian leadership.

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian Chancellor who used "Blood and Iron" and Realpolitik to unite Germany.

Realpolitik

Politics based on practical and material factors rather than theoretical or ethical objectives.

Propaganda Movement

A reform movement by Filipino students in Spain (like José Rizal) advocating for greater autonomy for the Philippines.

Agricultural Revolution

A period of technological improvement in farming (crop rotation

Enclosure Movement

The consolidation of common lands into private farms in England

Industrialization

The shift from an economy based on farming and handicrafts to one based on manufacturing by machines in factories.

Factory System

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building.

Spinning Jenny

Invention by James Hargreaves that allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time.

Water Frame

Invention by Richard Arkwright that used waterpower to drive spinning wheels

James Watt

Scottish inventor who improved the steam engine

Steam Engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion; fueled the Industrial Revolution.

Interchangeable Parts

Identical components that can be substituted for one another

Second Industrial Revolution

A phase of rapid industrialization (c. 1870-1914) focused on steel

Bessemer Process

A cheap and efficient process for making steel

Internal Combustion Engine

An engine that generates motive power by the burning of gasoline or oil; led to the automobile.

Telegraph

A device for rapid

Transcontinental Railroad

A railroad line linking the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States (1869).

Trans-Siberian Railroad

A rail line built by the Russian government connecting Moscow to the Pacific Ocean.

Muhammad Ali

Ottoman officer who seized power in Egypt and established a state-sponsored industrialization program (textiles/military).

Meiji Restoration

The political program (1868) that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate

Commodore Matthew Perry

U.S. naval officer who forced Japan to open to trade in 1853

Zaibatsu

Large Japanese family-controlled business conglomerates supported by the Meiji government.

Self-Strengthening Movement

A late 19th-century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West by modernizing the military and industry.

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital and free markets.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations and advocated for Laissez-Faire economics

Laissez-Faire

The idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs ("let it be").

Transnational Corporations

Large companies that operate in several countries (e.g.

HSBC

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation; a British-owned bank established to finance trade with China.

United Fruit Company

A U.S. corporation that traded in tropical fruit grown on Central and South American plantations.

Limited Liability Corporation (LLC)

A business structure where investors are not personally responsible for the company's debts

Consumerism

A social and economic order that encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts.

Labor Unions

Organizations of workers formed to protect and further their rights and interests (wages

Collective Bargaining

Negotiations between representatives of labor unions and management to determine pay and acceptable working conditions.

Socialism

An economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.

Karl Marx

German philosopher who wrote The Communist Manifesto and is considered the father of Communism.

Friedrich Engels

German socialist who co-wrote The Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx.

The Communist Manifesto

A 1848 book arguing that history is a class struggle and predicting a violent worker's revolution.

Proletariat

The working class (in Marxist theory).

Bourgeoisie

The middle class/owners of production (in Marxist theory).

Communism

A form of complete socialism in which the means of production would be owned by the people and private property would cease to exist.

Utilitarianism

The theory (John Stuart Mill) that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Anarchism

A political theory favoring the abolition of governments.

Tanzimat Reforms

A series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire (1839-1876) to modernize laws

Urbanization

The growth of cities and the migration of people into them.

Tenements

Poorly built

Cult of Domesticity

The ideal that women should remain in the domestic sphere (home) to create a haven for their families

Standard of Living

The degree of wealth and material comfort available to a person or community (rose for the middle class

Luddites

19th-century English textile workers who protested against industrialization by destroying weaving machinery

Utopian Socialism

Early socialists (like Robert Owen and Charles Fourier) who believed in creating ideal

Chartism

A working-class movement in Britain (1830s-40s) that demanded political reforms like universal male suffrage and secret ballots (they failed initially but succeeded long-term).

Conservatism

A political philosophy (led by figures like Klemens von Metternich) that favored tradition

Congress of Vienna (1815)

A meeting of European monarchs after the defeat of Napoleon to restore the balance of power and suppress liberal/nationalist revolutions (a victory for Conservatism).

Maroon Societies

Communities of runaway slaves in the Caribbean and Brazil (e.g.

Cottage Industry (Putting-Out System)

The system before the Industrial Revolution where merchants gave raw cotton to women to spin/weave in their own homes; shows continuity in labor before the factory system.

Social Darwinism

The misapplication of Darwin's "survival of the fittest" to human societies; used to justify imperialism

Stock Market

An exchange where shares of ownership in companies are bought and sold; expanded massively to fund large industrial projects (like railroads).

"Life

Liberty

"Life

Liberty

"General Will" / "Chains"

Rousseau

"Class Struggle" / "Chains" (in a labor context)

Marx

"Invisible Hand"

Smith